A prediction technique for the Leidenfrost and minimum temperatures is presented which considers the effects of the critical temperature of the liquid, thermal properties of the solid, surface energy of the liquid, and surface energy of the solid. The prediction technique is in good agreement with data for liquid metals, cryogens, hydrocarbons, and water.

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An analysis is developed to calculate the static and dynamic characteristics of annular eccentric seals. Effects of inertia forces in the film, tapered geometry and rotor misalignment are taken into account. Derivation of the governing equations for incompressible flow is based on the Navier-Stokes equations, the continuity equation and a turbulence model using the nonlinear analysis developed by Elrod and Ng. The inlet boundary conditions define the initial swirl and the pressure drop due to the fluid acceleration. Perturbation of the flow variables yields a set of zeroth-order and first-order equations. Integration of the zeroth-order equations yields the steady-state solution which defines the seal leakage, the static load and the moment of misalignment. The eccentric and misaligned rotordynamic coefficients are obtained by integration of the first-order pressure equations. Comparisons are made between the stiffness, damping and inertia coefficients derived herein and both theoretical results based on other models and experimental data which were previously published.

A method is presented for improving the numerical prediction of bypass transition heat transfer on a flat plate in a high-disturbance environment with zero or favorable pressure gradient. The method utilizes low Reynolds number k-e turbulence models in combination with the characteristic parameters of the transition region. The parameters representing the characteristics of the transition region used are the intermittency, transition length and turbulent spot properties. An analysis is made of the transition length in terms of turbulent spot variables. The nondimensional spot formation rate, required for the prediction of the transition length, is shown by the analysis to be a function of the spot spreading angle, the dimensionless spot velocity ratio and the dimensionless spot area ratio. The intermittency form of the k-e equations was derived from conditionally averaged equations which have been shown to be an improvement over global-time-averaged equations for the numerical calculation of the transition region. The numerical predictions are in general good agreement with the experimental data and indicate the potential use of the method in accelerating flows. Turbulence models of the k-e type are known to underpredict the transition length. The present work demonstrates how incorporating transition region characteristics improves the ability of two-equation turbulence models to simulate bypass transition for flat plates with potential application to turbine vanes and blades.

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The effect of a Mach number correction on a model for predicting the length of transition was investigated. The transition length decreases as the turbulent spot production rate increases. Many of the data for predicting the spot production rate come from low-speed flow experiments. Recent data and analysis showed that the spot production rate is affected by Mach number. The degree of agreement between analysis and data for turbine blade heat transfer without film cooling is strongly dependent on accurately predicting the length of transition. Consequently, turbine blade heat transfer data sets were used to validate a transition length turbulence model. A method for modifying models for the length of transition to account for Mach number effects is presented. The modification was made to two transition length models. The modified models were incorporated into the two-dimensional Navier–Stokes code, RVCQ3D. Comparisons were made between predicted and measured midspan surface heat transfer for stator and rotor turbine blades. The results showed that accounting for Mach number effects significantly improved the agreement with the experimental data.

The effect of a Mach number correction on a model for predicting the length of transition was investigated. The transition length decreases as the turbulent spot production rate increases. Much of the data for predicting the spot production rate comes from low speed flow experiments. Recent data and analysis showed that the spot production rate is affected by Mach number. The degree of agreement between analysis and data for turbine blade heat transfer without film cooling is strongly dependent of accurately predicting the length of transition. Consequently, turbine blade heat transfer data sets were used to validate a transition length turbulence model. A method for modifying models for the length of transition to account for Mach number effects is presented. The modification was made to two transition length models. The modified models were incorporated into the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes code, RVCQ3D. Comparisons were made between predicted and measured midspan surface heat transfer for stator and rotor turbine blades. The results showed that accounting for Mach number effects significantly improved the agreement with the experimental data.

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