Un número considerable de estudiantes presenta dificultades de aprendizaje y bajo rendimiento académico, sin embargo su evaluación no siempre deriva en un diagnóstico concreto. Son categorizados como inmaduros, pero no se determinan ni la naturaleza ni las características de sus dificultades. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los dominios evolutivos afectados en niños con retraso del desarrollo (RD) con la finalidad de valorar el concepto de dificultades neuroevolutivas como categoría comprensiva y perfil de las dificultades generalizadas de aprendizaje. Para ello, se realizó una revisión sistemática en las bases electrónicas Medline, PsycINFO, WOS, Eric, Dialnet y CSIC y, tras aplicar los criterios de inclusión, se seleccionaron 18 artículos. Los resultados confirman que RD se utiliza como etiqueta diagnóstica para caracterizar a niños con retrasos significativos en uno o varios ámbitos del desarrollo, pero no existe una definición de consenso ni criterios específicos para su diagnóstico, y solo sería de aplicación a niños de corta edad. Los dominios afectados coinciden con funciones neuroevolutivas y, en su etiología, destacan factores de riesgo biológico y ambiental. Las dificultades neuroevolutivas abarcarían un amplio espectro de déficits con distintos niveles de gravedad que, al interactuar entre sí, dan lugar a una variedad de perfiles. A considerable number of students have learning difficulties and low academic performance, yet their evaluation does not always lead to a concrete diagnosis. They are categorized as immature, but neither the nature nor the characteristics of their difficulties are determined. The aim of this study was to identify the developmental domains which are affected in children with developmental delay (DD) in order to assess the concept of neurodevelopmental difficulties as a comprehensive category and profile of generalized learning difficulties. To this end, a systematic review was carried out on the electronic databases Medline, PsycINFO, WOS, Eric, Dialnet and CSIC and, after applying the inclusion criteria, 18 articles were selected. The results confirm that DD is used as a diagnostic label to characterize children with significant delays in one or more developmental domains, but there is no definition of consensus nor specific criteria for its diagnosis, and it would only be applicable to young children. The affected domains coincide with neurodevelopmental functions, and biological and environmental risk factors stand out in their aetiology. Neurodevelopmental difficulties would encompass a wide spectrum of deficits with different levels of severity that, on interacting with each other, give rise to a variety of profiles.

ResumenLas dificultades lectoescritoras -dislexia-afectan a un 5-10% de los niños en edad escolar. Se trata de un trastorno que conlleva múltiples consecuencias negativas en los diferentes ámbitos del desarrollo. Para conseguir reducir dicha prevalencia y mejorar los resultados de las intervenciones, se hace necesaria la detección precoz. Para ello, se necesita de una evaluación temprana capaz de detectar a aquellos niños en riesgo de desarrollar el trastorno. De acuerdo con ello, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido confeccionar, desde la perspectiva de la neuropsicología escolar, una propuesta de evaluación para la detección temprana de estas dificultades. Palabras clave: dificultades de aprendizaje, lectoescritura, dislexia, evaluación, neuropsicología escolar. AbstractDyslexia disorder affects 5-10% of children of school age. It is a disorder that involves multiple negative consequences. Early detection is necessary to achieve reduce prevalence and improve outcomes of interventions. To do this, it is need an early evaluation that can detect those children at risk of developing the disorder. Accordingly, the objective of this work has been make an evaluation proposal for early detection of literacy difficulties, from the perspective of school neuropsychology.

The study of the multiple processes involved in learning how to read can contribute towards the early detection of good and bad readers. However, it is necessary to take into consideration different biopsychosocial risk factors (pre- and perigestational, neonatal, medical, developmental and family-related) that may have a significant impact on neurodevelopment, producing atypical cognitive development that could lead to the presence of reading difficulties. The objective of this study was to identify the main psycholinguistic abilities involved in the early reading performance and analyse their relationship to biopsychosocial risk factors. A total of 110 subjects between the ages of 4 and 7 years old and enrolled in state-run schools in Spain participated in the study. Significant correlations were found between different psycholinguistic abilities and certain biopsychosocial risk factors (having had hyperbilirubinemia, having obtained a score lower than 9 on the Apgar test, having had language problems or a sibling with dyslexia). This relationship should be taken into account in the study of learning difficulties as a potential indicator to predict later reading development and even the presence of developmental dyslexia.

ABSTRACT:The nursing homes (residences) for older people that are dependent (commonly referred to assisted or assisted living) are conceived nowadays, as open gerontology centers for personal development, and where an interprofessional socio-health care is provided. They represent facilities providing specialized and comprehensive care to people who have high levels of dependency. Therefore, they are aimed at users who respond to an specific profile: people with disabilities as result of degenerative or neurological diseases, with serious difficulties in ambulation, with a high degree of senility and/or in a situation of dependency due to a mental disorder.In this work, we study the profile of users of state residences with assisted living in Galicia through the analysis of their health, functional, cognitive and social status, and we evaluate the degree of coincidence with the type profile to whom these centers aim to target.The results obtained indicate that, although most people in assisted living residences show functional dependence and cognitive problems, a major part of them, could get adequate care, according to their characteristics and those of their social network, in community-based services, such as home help service or day centers.Key words: Older people, Social services, Assisted living residences. RESUMEN:Las residencias para personas mayores en situación de dependencia (habitualmente denominadas de asistidos) son concebidas, en la actualidad, como centros gerontológicos abiertos, de desarrollo personal, y donde se presta una atención interprofesional de tipo sociosanitario. Constituyen equipamientos destinados a la atención especializada integral de personas que presentan elevados niveles de dependencia. Por tanto, están dirigidas a usuarios que encajen en un perfil específico: personas incapacitadas a consecuencia de enfermedades degenerativas o neurológicas, con graves

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