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ObjectiveThe Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) measures various aspects of psychological resilience in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other psychiatric ailments. This study sought to assess the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (K-CD-RISC).MethodsIn total, 576 participants were enrolled (497 females and 79 males), including hospital nurses, university students, and firefighters. Subjects were evaluated using the K-CD-RISC, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Test-retest reliability and internal consistency were examined as a measure of reliability, and convergent validity and factor analysis were also performed to evaluate validity.ResultsCronbach's α coefficient and test-retest reliability were 0.93 and 0.93, respectively. The total score on the K-CD-RISC was positively correlated with the RSES (r=0.56, p<0.01). Conversely, BDI (r=-0.46, p<0.01), PSS (r=-0.32, p<0.01), and IES-R scores (r=-0.26, p<0.01) were negatively correlated with the K-CD-RISC. The K-CD-RISC showed a five-factor structure that explained 57.2% of the variance.ConclusionThe K-CD-RISC showed good reliability and validity for measurement of resilience among Korean subjects.

Obesity is a highly prevalent, multigenic trait that predicts increased morbidity and mortality. Here we report results from a genome scan based on 354 markers in 513 members of 92 nuclear families ascertained through extreme obesity and normal body weight. The average marker interval was approximately 10 cM. We examined four correlated obesity phenotypes, including the body-mass index (BMI) (both as a quantitative trait and as a discrete trait with a threshold of BMI > or /=30 kg/m2) and percentage of fat (both as a quantitative trait and as a discrete trait with a threshold of 40%) as assessed by bioelectrical impedance. In the initial stage of the genome scan, four markers in 20q gave positive evidence for linkage, which was consistent across most obesity phenotypes and analytic methods. After saturating 20q with additional markers (25 markers total) in an augmented sample of 713 members from 124 families, we found linkage to several markers in a region, 20q13, previously implicated in both human and animal studies. Three markers (D20S107, D20S211, and D20S149) in 20q13 had empirical P values (based on Monte Carlo simulations, which controlled for multiple testing) < or /=. 01 for single-point analysis. In addition, the parametric, affecteds-only analysis for D20S476 yielded a LOD score of 3.06 (P=. 00009), and the affected-sib-pair test yielded a LOD score of 3.17 (P=.000067). Multipoint analyses further strengthened and localized these findings. This region includes several plausible candidate genes for obesity. Our results suggest that one or more genes affecting obesity are located in 20q13.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of perceived stress and self-esteem on work-related stress and depression. Two hundred and eighty-four Korean nurses participated in the study. The participants completed four questionnaires, including the Korean short version of the occupational stress scale, the perceived stress scale, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale and the Beck depression inventory. Structural equation modelling was used to determine the relationships among work-related stress, perceived stress, self-esteem, and depression. Work-related stress was positively associated with depression. Perceived stress was inversely related to self-esteem and positively associated with work-related stress and depression, respectively. Self-esteem was negatively associated with work-related stress and depression. Structural equation modelling revealed that self-esteem and perceived stress fully mediate the relationship between work-related stress and depression. Future studies should further investigate the effect of psychological characteristics on work-related stress and symptoms of depression.

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cases have been reported, with 230 deaths in Korea. COVID-19 patients may be asymptomatic or show various clinical manifestations, including acute symptoms such as fever, fatigue, sore throat; pneumonia presenting as acute respiratory distress syndrome; and multiple organ failure. As COVID-19 has such varied clinical manifestations and case fatality rates, no standard antiviral therapy regimen has been established other than supportive therapy. In the present guideline, we aim to introduce potentially helpful antiviral and other drug therapies based on in vivo and in vitro research and clinical experiences from many countries.

OBJECTIVE: Following several reports of linkage of obesity related phenotypes to human chromosome 20q we sought to determine whether variations of the melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R) gene are associated with obesity. DESIGN: We screened the MC3R gene coding region and approximately 2 kb of 5 H and 3 H¯a nking sequences for DNA variants in unrelated extremely obese women and average weight controls using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and DNA sequencing. SUBJECTS: 124 unrelated extremely obese women (body mass index, (BMI) ! 40 kgam 2 ) and 85 average weight controls (BMI`27 kgam 2 ). MEASUREMENTS: Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping was performed to localize the MC3R gene. 5 H and 3 H¯a nking sequences of MC3R gene were cloned. PCR-SSCP and DNA sequencing were used to detect mutations in the MC3R gene coding region and¯anking sequences. RESULTS: RH mapping localized the MC3R gene to 20q13, between markers D20S100 and D20S149. 1083 bp 5 H and 653 bp 3 H¯a nking region of the MC3R gene were cloned. A missense mutation ( 241, codon 81 ATTaGTT, Ile 3 Val) was found in the MC3R coding region. Four more variants were detected in the 5 H¯a nking sequence: À201(C 3 G), À239 (A 3 G), À762(A 3 T) and À769(T 3 C). Compared with controls, no signi®cant allele frequency differences were found. Racial differences were found for the 241, À201, À239 and À762 polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS: Several sequence variants were found in the MC3R gene coding region and in 5 H¯a nking sequences. However, none of the variants were associated with obesity phenotypes. The linkage of extreme human obesity on 20q13 is likely caused by genes other than MC3R.