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The study of utilizing the diversity of non-timber forest product species by testing the value of cultural importance or Index of Cultural Significance (ICS) analysis aims to identify the species of non-timber forest products with highest importance value for local communities. The results of this study documented (1) list of species of non-timber forest products that have an important role in the Malay community in Tanjung Jabung, Jambi, including foodstuffs (51-77 plants), vegetable ingredients (21 plants), medicinal materials (> 77 plants), equipment materials (62 plants), pulp and paper materials (27 plants), and other non-timber forest products; (2) list of species of the potential non-timber forest products to be further developed as fruit-producing plants (12 species), vegetables (10 species), medicinal plants (6 species), pulp and paper-based plants (6 species), plywood (18 species), basic materials for manufacturing equipment, arts and other local technology (8 species); and (3) basic data on economic valuation studies of non-timber forest products. The potential species that have high importance value to be cultivated plants were rambai (Baccaurea spp.), cempunik (Artocarpus hispidum), durian (Durio zibethinus, Durio oxleyanus, and Durio spp.), and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum and Nephelium spp.) for fruits, rotan jernang (Calamus draco and Calamus spp.) as a medicinal material, and other uses. Specifically the diversity of potential species of non-timber forest products will be discussed in this paper.

Munawaroh E, Yuzammi. 2019. Species diversity of Orchids in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: xxxx. Orchids, belonging to the family Orchidaceae, are well known ornamental plants due to their beautiful flowers and varied colors. The members of this family have received more scientific attention than other plant families because of their unique botanical features and economic value. This study was conducted to explore and record the species diversity of Orchidaceae in Sumatera, especially in the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP), Lampung, Indonesia. This research was carried out from 2011 to 2014 at four locations, namely Kubu Perahu Resort, Sukaraja Atas Resort, Pugung Tampak Resort and Sekincau Resort, using purposive sampling method. A total of 132 species belonging to 52 genera of orchids have been identified from BBSNP, Lampung, of which 37 genera are epiphytic orchids and 15 genera are terrestrial orchids. Two species namely, Vanda sumatrana and Grammatophyllum speciosum, have been recognized as protected species. Vanda sumatrana is also endemic to Sumatera. These orchids are also cultivated at Liwa Botanic Garden, as an ex situ conservation.

The main priority of UNESCO MAB program is to emphasize the implementation of biosphere reserve concept for achieving sustainable development. Biosphere reserve is a concept of site management to harmonize the needs for conservation of both land and coastal ecosystem with the need for economic development in the basis of research on the utilization of natural resources, including cultural resources recognized by UNESCO MAB Program in order to promote a balanced relationship between human and the nature. Principally, the concept of biosfer reserve is applied to bring the conservation of biological diversity into line with sustainable development for achieving a balanced relationship between human and the nature. The advantage of applying the biosphere reserve concept lays on the excellent combination of its three functions, namely: (1) The function associated with conservation of biological resources, ecosystems, and cultural diversity; (2) The function associated with development that supports and enriches sustainable economic development through an ecologicaly and culturally wise approach; and (3) The function associated with provision of logistics supports for various activities related with conservation and sustainable development, in a local, regional, national, or global context, including research, education, training, and monitoring. In implementing those three functions integratively, a zonation approach is applied, in which the site of biosphere reserve is devided into three different areas with specific functions and roles: (1) The core area: It is the area for conservation and it must have a firm, long-term legal protection for preserving the biodiversity, monitoring the undisturbed ecosystems or undertaking non-destructive research, and other “passive” activities such as education and training and ecosystem services; (2) The buffer zone: It is the area encircling or adjoining the core area that is determined to provide protection to the core area against the negative impacts of human activities; and (3) The transition area: The transition area. It is typically the largest part of the biosphere reserve area fuctioning to develope cooperation with local communities. It is established side by side with the buffer zone and this area is a place to develope models for sustainable development and develop an appropriate management of natural resources for the area. Biosphere reserves are used as a place to test and build a sustainable way of life through integrated programs of natural resources management and biodiversity conservation, with the objective to contribute in reducing poverty and increasing the living standard, especially of rural communities. In addition, the implementation of the biosphere reserve concept is also aimed to help reducing the loss of biodiversity, facilitating scientific development and bulding the capacity in the context of providing services neccessary for ecological sustainability.

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It has been 23 years since the conservation status of highland tropical pitcher plant Nepenthes talangensis was assessed in 2000. A number of existing threats (anthropogenic and environmental) may be increasing the risk of extinction for the species. A better understanding of the ecology and conservation needs of the species is required to manage the wild populations. Specifically, better information related to population distributions, ecological requirements, priority conservation areas, the impact of future climate on suitable habitat, and current population structure is needed to properly assess extinction risks. A better understanding of the requirements of the species in its natural habitat would benefit for successfully securing the species at Botanic Gardens. We have identified 14 new occurrence records of N. talangensis in Mount Talang. Study on the ecological requirement using Random Forest (RF) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) suggested that elevation, canopy cover, soil pH, and slope are four important variables. The population of N. talangensis was dominated by juvenile and mature (sterile) individuals, we found only a few mature males (7 individuals) and females (4 individuals) in the sampled areas. Our modelling of current conditions predicted that there were 1,076 ha of suitable habitat to very highly suitable habitat in Mount Talang, which is 14.7% of the total area. Those predicted habitats ranged in elevation from 1,740–2,558 m. Suitable habitat in 2100 was predicted to decrease in extent and be at higher elevation in the less extreme climate change scenario (SSP 1–2.6) and extreme climate change scenario (SSP 5–8.5). We projected larger habitat loss in the SSP 5–8.5 compared to the SSP 1–2.6 climate change scenario.. We proposed the category CR B1ab(iii,v), C2a(ii) as the new conservation status of N. talangensis. The status is a higher category of threat compared to the current status of the species (EN C2b, ver 2.3). Nepenthes talangensis seedlings and cuttings established in a Botanic Garden have relatively high survival rate at about 83.4%. Sixty percent of the seeds germinated in growth media successfully grew to become seedlings.

Research on flora diversity at Danau Pulau Besar-Danau Bawah,Zamrud National Park Area, Riau province has been done. The flora in this area had not much known and exsposed. This study aimed to know the richness of flora in this national park. A total 65 species consisting of 48 genera and 35 family recorded from this area. They were 34 species of tree, 17 species of vines, and 14 species of bushes and herbs. There are 25 species of plant collection which is new collection or substitute collection that ever existed in Bogor Botanical Gardens. There were 4 species of flora have begun to decline in number in their natural habitat, such as: Chyrtotachys renda Blume, Nephenthes gracilis Karth, Nephenthes mirabilis Karth andNephenthes ampularia Jack.. The plant collection has been conserved or preserved in Bogor Botanical Gardens. The conservation aspect will be discussed in this paper.

The conservation of species should be based on knowledge of habitat requirements, population structure and conservation status. This knowledge is quite important to design conservation areas for species and to promote long-term persistence. In this study, we investigated habitat suitability, population size structure and conservation status of Pinanga arinasae in Bali. Plots with palms and adjacent areas with no palms were sampled to characterize key habitat variables. Habitat suitability was modeled using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) methods. The population size structure was characterized by counting and measuring the height and reproductive status of the individuals found in plots. Furthermore, we assessed the extinction risk of the species using the IUCN Red List Criteria. The ANN variables that best explained occurrence were litter depth, elevation, canopy openness and slope. The RF variables that best explained the data were elevation, litter depth, slope, and aspect. Both ANN and RF are robust models that can be used to predict the occurrence of P. arinasae. The population size structure included many seedlings, but juvenile and mature individuals were found in relatively small numbers. Based on the findings, we proposed Endangered B1+B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); D as the conservation status of P. arinasae.