The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis worldwide, with the numbers of infections and deaths worldwide multiplying alarmingly in a matter of weeks. Accordingly, governments have been forced to take drastic actions such as the confinement of the population and the suspension of face-to-face teaching. In Spain, due to the collapse of the health system the government has been forced to take a series of important measures such as requesting the voluntary incorporation of final-year nursing and medical students into the health system. The objective of the present work is to study, using a phenomenological qualitative approach, the perceptions of students in this exceptional actual situation. A total of 62 interviews were carried out with final-year nursing and medicine students from Jaime I University (Spain), with 85% reporting having voluntarily joined the health system for ethical and moral reasons. Results from the inductive analysis of the descriptions highlighted two main categories and a total of five subcategories. The main feelings collected regarding mood were negative, represented by uncertainty, nervousness, and fear. This study provides a description of the perceptions of final-year nursing and medical students with respect to their immediate incorporation into a health system aggravated by a global crisis.

Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic is becoming a major hazard to public health worldwide. This is causing a significant impact on life and physical health, as well as on the psychological well-being of the general population. Since the emotional distress and the social restrictions caused by this epidemic, it must be expected that its impact will also extend to sexual health. The purpose of this study, the first including a large sample of the Spanish general population, was to analyze sexual behavior during the 99 days of confinement in Spain (INSIDE Project). Method One thousand four hundred forty-eight Spanish people, between 18 and 60 years old, were evaluated through an online survey during April 2020. The variables analyzed were the physical and social environment during confinement, sexual desire, type of sexual activity, masturbation, sexual intercourse, online sexual activity, general sexual frequency, sexual fantasies, degree of self-control over sexual drive, sexual abuse, general impact of confinement on sexuality, and emotional mood. Results Confinement has affected the sexual life of half of the Spanish population (47.7%), especially women. Those who reported a worsening of their sexual life are almost three times more (37.9%) than those who reported an improvement (14.4%). Conclusions Different factors have been significant predictors of the positive or negative evaluation about the impact of this confinement on sexual life, such as gender, couple life, privacy, stress level, and the perception of confinement as unbearable. Policy Implications These results have important implications for the public health and more especially sexual health of the Spanish population.

Resumen: La literatura científica apunta a que la escasa autoeficacia para el uso del preservativo explicaría muchas conductas de riesgo de transmisión del VIH en jóvenes. Se analiza la autoeficacia de los jóvenes en el uso del preservativo, la existencia de diferencias de género y la relación con variables relevantes en la prevención. Se aplicó la "Subescala de Autoeficacia en el Uso del Preservativo", incluida en el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida (Ballester, Gil y Giménez, 2007), a 3540 universitarios (50.9% mujeres, 49.1% hombres). Los resultados indican que los jóvenes obtienen puntuaciones medias-altas en autoeficacia, mostrándose la menor puntuación en el autocontrol en el momento de excitación. Se obtienen diferencias estadísti-camente significativas en distintas situaciones según el género, siendo las mujeres las que se perciben más autoeficaces que los hombres, sobre todo en situaciones relacionadas con una posible evaluación negativa por parte de la pareja al sugerir su uso; y menos que ellos en aquellas referidas al ámbito público (comprar preservativos). Además, la autoeficacia correlacionó significativamente con la intención de conducta preventiva, la mayor frecuencia autoinformada de uso del preservativo y la percepción de eficacia del preservativo en la prevención del VIH. Las futuras intervenciones preventivas deberían incluir un componente de autoeficacia y una perspectiva de género. Palabras clave: Autoeficacia; Uso preservativo; Jóvenes; Género; Prevención sida.Title: Self-efficacy in AIDS sexual prevention: influence of gender. Abstract: The scientific literature suggests that a low self-efficacy for condom use may be related to many risky behaviors for HIV transmission in young people. We analyze the self-efficacy of condom use among youth, the existence of gender differences and the relationship with other relevant variables in HIV prevention. The "Self-Efficacy Condom Use Subscale", included in the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire (Ballester, Gil and Giménez, 2007), was administrated to 3540 university students (50.9% women, 49.1% men). The results showed that the sample obtained medium-high scores on self-efficacy, showing the lowest scores when behavior involves their sexual control at the time of excitation. Statistically significant differences were obtained in different situations according to gender. In this regard, women perceived themselves higher condom use selfefficacy than men, especially when their suggestion about condom use might cause a negative evaluation to the partner; and unless than men those relating to public domain (buying condoms). Moreover, self-efficacy correlated significantly with preventive behavior intention, increased selfreported frequency of condom use and perceived effectiveness of condoms in HIV prevention. Future preventive interventions should include an element of self-efficacy and a differentiated perspective by gender. Keywords: Self-efficacy; Condom use; Young; Gender; AIDS prevention. IntroducciónSegún el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el D...

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This paper describes the process of building and validating the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire (CPS), a brief HIV risk assessment measure. An initial 64-items bank was filled out by 466 young people (192 men and 274 women), aged between 17 and 26 years (M = 20.62; SD = 2.15). The exploratory factor analysis revealed five components: Knowledge about HIV, Condom Attitudes, Intentions of Condom Use, Safe sexual behavior and Stigma and discrimination towards people living with HIV. This structure was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The internal consistency for the different components ranged from .67 to .74. Moreover, CPS has a classification system that allows determining the level of risk. These results support the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire as a valid and reliable measure to detect earlier the risk for HIV infection and to design adjusted preventive interventions.

Background. Studies have shown the role played by perceived self-efficacy in explaining condom negotiation and condom use. Aims. The factorial structure and the psychometric properties of the Brief Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale are presented. Method. The study included 368 men and 456 women aged 17 to 55 years (Mage = 25.01, SD = 6.93). Results. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three factors: fear of rejection, impulse control, and condom acquisition and negotiation, which together accounted for 68% of the total variance. That structure was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha for the Brief Condom Use Self-Efficacy Scale was .71. The scale provided adequate convergent validity, and positive correlations were observed between self-reported condom use and self-efficacy for use of other barrier methods. Discussion. This brief instrument could be a useful and appropriate measure to assess the types of condom use self-efficacy that occur at the different moments of a sexual relationship.

Heterosexual transmission represents 26 % of newly diagnosed infection in Spanish youth. Behavioral change models have emphasized the influence of multiple variables to predict condom use behavior. The aim of this study is to examine how those variables are organized and which theory explains the condom use behavior better. A sample of 424 young heterosexuals (M age = 20.62; SD = 2.16) filled out a battery of self-report questionnaires for assessing AIDS-related variables, personality traits and clinical variables (general, sexuality-related and health-related). A structural model was specified that included perceived pleasure and condom use self-efficacy as predictive variables. Depression and sexual compulsivity indirectly influence behavior. The final model accounted for 65.9 % of the variance in behavior. These results highlight the importance of cognitive and emotional variables as predictors of behavior (ex. expectations of pleasure and self-efficacy beliefs). This is important information for designing effective psychological interventions.Resumen La transmisión heterosexual representa el 26 % de los nuevos diagnósticos de VIH en los jóvenes españoles. Los modelos de cambio de comportamiento han enfatizado la influencia de múltiples variables para predecir el uso del preservativo. El objetivo del presente estudio es examinar cómo se organizan estas variables y qué teoría explica mejor esta conducta. Una muestra de 424 jóvenes heterosexuales (x edad = 20.62; SD = 2.16) completó una batería de cuestionarios sobre Sida, rasgos de personalidad y variables clínicas (generales, sexuales y de salud). Los resultados obtenidos utilizando modelos de ecuaciones estructurales apoyan una relación directa entre uso del preservativo y autoeficacia y placer percibido. Las variables depresión y compulsividad sexual influyen indirectamente sobre la conducta. El modelo explica el 65.9 % de la varianza. Estos resultados destacan la importancia de las variables cognitivas y emocionales como predictoras del comportamiento. Esta información es importante para el diseño de intervenciones psicológicas eficaces.

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic is becoming a major hazard to public health worldwide. This is causing a significant impact on life and physical health, as well as on the psychological well-being of the general population. Since the emotional distress and the social restrictions caused by this epidemic, it must be expected that its impact will also extend to sexual health. The purpose of this study, the first including a large sample of the Spanish general population, was to analyze sexual behavior during the 99 days of confinement in Spain (INSIDE Project). Method. 1,448 Spanish people, between 18 and 60 years old, were evaluated through an online survey during April 2020. The variables analyzed were the physical and social environment during confinement, sexual desire, type of sexual activity, masturbation, sexual intercourse, online sexual activity, general sexual frequency, sexual fantasies, degree of self-control over sexual drive, sexual abuse, general impact of confinement on sexuality and emotional mood. Results. Confinement has affected the sexual life of half of the Spanish population (47.7%), especially women. Those who reported a worsening of their sexual life are almost three times more (37.9%) than those who reported an improvement (14.4%). Conclusions. Different factors have been significant predictors of the positive or negative valoration about the impact of this confinement on sexual life, such as gender, couple life, privacy, stress level and the perception of confinement as unbearable. Policy Implications. These results have important implications for the public health and more especially sexual health of the Spanish population.