BackgroundThe theory of planned behavior (TPB), socio-cognitive model (SCM), and information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model are effective in predicting condom use. However, the adequacy of these three theoretical models in predicting the frequency of condom use (FCU) among young people has not been compared. This cross-sectional study tested the applicability and suitability of these three models in predicting the FCU, and analyzed the relationships among the postulated constructs.MethodsSexually experienced adolescents (n = 410) aged 13–18 completed a survey assessing the TPB, SCM, and IMB model constructs. Participants were students recruited from 18 high schools, randomly selected from the north, south, east, and southeast of Spain. A structural equation modelling (SEM) analysis was applied to test TPB, SCM and IBM and constructs relationships of each model using R.ResultsThe results of SEM demonstrated that behavioral skills predict behavior via motivation as hypothesized by the IMB model, but not directly via knowledge about condom use and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Cognitive factors, such knowledge about condom use and STIs as well as condom use self-efficacy, directly predicted the FCU when modeled as per the SCM. According to the TPB, condom use intention was the best predictor of the FCU, and condom use intention was predicted by attitudes toward condom use and subjective norms related to condom use, but perceived control was not directly or indirectly related to the FCU. Based on the data, the TPB becomes the best-fit model for predicting the FCU among young people compared to the SCM and IMB model.ConclusionsFrom a statistical perspective, the TPB seems to be the most suitable model for predicting the FCU among young people compared to the other models. Overall, key direct predictors of the FCU in adolescents included condom use intention, behavioral skills and cognitive factors, such as STIs knowledge and condom use self-efficacy. The next step should be to test integrative models that include personal, contextual, environmental, and social factors.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2702-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The present study investigated the relationship between regular sport participation (soccer) and vigilance performance. Two groups of male and female adolescents differentiated in terms of their sport participation (athletes, n = 39, and non-athletes, n = 36) took part in the study. In one session, participants performed the Leger Multi-stage fitness test to estimate their aerobic fitness level. In the other session, participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) to evaluate their vigilance performance. Perceived arousal prior to the task and motivation toward the task were also measured in the PVT session. The results revealed that athletes had better cardiovascular fitness and showed better performance in the PVT. However, correlation analyses did not show any significant relationship between cardiovascular fitness and performance in the PVT. Athletes showed larger scores in motivation and perceived arousal measures with respect to non-athletes, although, once again, these variables were not correlated with PVT performance. Gender differences were observed only in the Leger test, with males showing greater fitness level than females. The major outcome of this research points to a positive relationship between regular sport participation and vigilance during adolescence. This relationship did not seem to be influenced by gender, perceived arousal, motivation toward the task or cardiovascular fitness. We discuss our results in terms of the different hypotheses put forward in the literature to explain the relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning.
Resumen: La literatura científica apunta a que la escasa autoeficacia para el uso del preservativo explicaría muchas conductas de riesgo de transmisión del VIH en jóvenes. Se analiza la autoeficacia de los jóvenes en el uso del preservativo, la existencia de diferencias de género y la relación con variables relevantes en la prevención. Se aplicó la "Subescala de Autoeficacia en el Uso del Preservativo", incluida en el Cuestionario de Prevención del Sida (Ballester, Gil y Giménez, 2007), a 3540 universitarios (50.9% mujeres, 49.1% hombres). Los resultados indican que los jóvenes obtienen puntuaciones medias-altas en autoeficacia, mostrándose la menor puntuación en el autocontrol en el momento de excitación. Se obtienen diferencias estadísti-camente significativas en distintas situaciones según el género, siendo las mujeres las que se perciben más autoeficaces que los hombres, sobre todo en situaciones relacionadas con una posible evaluación negativa por parte de la pareja al sugerir su uso; y menos que ellos en aquellas referidas al ámbito público (comprar preservativos). Además, la autoeficacia correlacionó significativamente con la intención de conducta preventiva, la mayor frecuencia autoinformada de uso del preservativo y la percepción de eficacia del preservativo en la prevención del VIH. Las futuras intervenciones preventivas deberían incluir un componente de autoeficacia y una perspectiva de género. Palabras clave: Autoeficacia; Uso preservativo; Jóvenes; Género; Prevención sida.Title: Self-efficacy in AIDS sexual prevention: influence of gender. Abstract: The scientific literature suggests that a low self-efficacy for condom use may be related to many risky behaviors for HIV transmission in young people. We analyze the self-efficacy of condom use among youth, the existence of gender differences and the relationship with other relevant variables in HIV prevention. The "Self-Efficacy Condom Use Subscale", included in the AIDS Prevention Questionnaire (Ballester, Gil and Giménez, 2007), was administrated to 3540 university students (50.9% women, 49.1% men). The results showed that the sample obtained medium-high scores on self-efficacy, showing the lowest scores when behavior involves their sexual control at the time of excitation. Statistically significant differences were obtained in different situations according to gender. In this regard, women perceived themselves higher condom use selfefficacy than men, especially when their suggestion about condom use might cause a negative evaluation to the partner; and unless than men those relating to public domain (buying condoms). Moreover, self-efficacy correlated significantly with preventive behavior intention, increased selfreported frequency of condom use and perceived effectiveness of condoms in HIV prevention. Future preventive interventions should include an element of self-efficacy and a differentiated perspective by gender. Keywords: Self-efficacy; Condom use; Young; Gender; AIDS prevention. IntroducciónSegún el Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el D...
Due to a lack of controlled studies on HIV prevention interventions among Spanish adolescents, COMPAS, a five-session behavioral intervention, was developed and tested on Spanish adolescents aged 15-18. Participants included 827 adolescents from central, east and north Spain. Six hundred and seven students (M = 15.71 years) received the intervention. The control group consisted of 220 students (M = 15.78 years). The authors used selfreport measures at two points in time to assess changes in HIV knowledge, HIV attitudes, perceived norms, and condom use intentions. Compared to the control group, the intervention group demonstrated improved outcomes with regard to HIV knowledge (d = .93) and HIV attitudes (d = .37), and maintained high levels of condom use intentions. The intervention's impact was greater in females and adolescents who were not sexually active. The findings suggest that COMPAS is an acceptable and feasible school intervention for reducing sexual risk among Spanish adolescents.
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