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This study was conducted to identify gene polymorphisms and to investigate the relationships of polymorphisms with yield and composition of milk from Holstein cows. Significant relationships of growth hormone (GH), leptin (LEP) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene polymorphisms with 305‐day milk yield were observed (P < 0.01). Signal transducers and activators of transcription 5A (STAT5A) gene polymorphism did not show any significant relationships with investigated traits (P > 0.05). With regard to the 305‐day milk yield, GH‐LV, LEP‐AA and AB and MYF5‐GG genotypes were found to be superior over the other genotypes. It was concluded based on present findings that GH, LEP and MYF5 genes could be used as candidate genes for milk yield of Holstein cows.

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Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated inflammatory processes play a critical role in the innate immune response during the initial interaction between the infecting microorganism and immune cells. This study aimed to investigate the possible microanatomical and histological differences in mandibular and bronchial lymph nodes in Akkaraman and Romanov lambs induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and study the gene, protein, and immunoexpression levels of TLR4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) that are involved in the immune system. Microanatomical examinations demonstrated more intense lymphocyte infiltration in the bronchial lymph nodes of Akkaraman lambs in the LPS and LTA groups compared to Romanov lambs. TLR4, MyD88, and TNF-α immunoreactivities were more intense in the experimental groups of both breeds. Expression levels of MyD88 and TNF-α genes in the bronchial lymph node of Akkaraman lambs were found to increase statistically significantly in the LTA group. TLR4 gene expression level in the mandibular lymph node was found to be statistically significantly higher in the LTA + LPS group. In conclusion, dynamic changes in the immune cell populations involved in response to antigens such as LTA and LPS in the lymph nodes of both breeds can be associated with the difference in the expression level of the TLR4/MyD88/TNF-α genes.

Early live weight in sheep is important for lamb survival and average weight gain until slaughter. The aim of the present study was to investigate association between CAST-MspI, DGAT1-AluI and IGF-1-Bsp143II polymorphisms and early live weights between birth and weaning age in Akkaraman lambs. A total of 374 lambs were genotyped for CAST-MspI, DGAT1-AluI and IGF-1-Bsp143II polymorphisms by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The results of PCR-RFLP analysis showed that the SNPs had three genotypes of CAST-MspI polymorphism, two genotypes of DGAT1-AluI polymorphism and one genotype of IGF-1-Bsp143II polymorphism of these, CAST-MspI-MM, DGAT1-AluI-CC and IGF-1-Bsp143II-BB were the predominant genotypes in the Akkaraman sheep breed. The result of Chi-square analysis indicated that the Akkaraman sheep breed was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for the investigated polymorphic genes. At the DGAT1 locus, the CT genotype showed significantly heavier birth weight (P=0.044) compared to CC genotype. CAST gene did not show any association for the investigated traits. The results of this study demonstrate that the CT genotype had a positive effect on birth weight in Akkaraman sheep. We concluded that further investigations are needed in DGAT1-AluI polymorphism and live weight at different ages in sheep.

This is the first study investigating the changes in some gene expressions related to the TLR pathway in vivo in sheep. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) molecules were administrated separately and in combination to the Akkaraman lambs via intranasal route. For this purpose, 28 lambs were distributed into four groups (LPS, LTA, LPS + LTA, and control, n = 7). Blood samples were collected to isolate the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at 24 h and on day 7. Expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, NF-κß, and IFN-γ genes were determined by qRT-PCR. Increases were determined in the expression data of TLR2 [LPS (P < 0.05) and LTA + LPS (P < 0.01)], TLR4 [LTA + LPS (P < 0.05)], TNF-α, IL-10 [LTA + LPS (P < 0.05)], and IFN-γ genes in all groups in the mRNA expression analysis of PBMCs isolated at 24 h whereas decreases were determined in the expression levels of these genes on day 7. The combination of LPS + LTA stimulated lamb PBMCs more effectively than separate administration of LPS and LTA at 24 h. Therefore, this article may contribute to the understanding the host-pathogen interaction of respiratory-transmitted bacterial diseases concerning PBMCs at 24 h and on day 7. Also this study may contribute to the dose adjustment for bacterial vaccine studies in sheep. Experimental application doses will be helpful for in vivo and in vitro drug and vaccine development studies in the fields of pharmacology and microbiology.

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Çiftlik hayvanlarında son yıllarda hastalıklara karşı daha dirençli sürülerin oluşturulması için genetik yöntemlerin kullanılmasına yönelik ilgi giderek artmaktadır. Bu tür çalışmalarda immun sistemde önemli görevlerinden dolayı mannoz bağlayıcı lektin-1 (MBL-1) geni de incelenen genlerden biridir. Sunulan çalışmada araştırma materyali olarak Türkiye'de yetiştirilen yerli sığır ırklarından Zavot (n= 81, Z), Yerli Kara (n= 87, YK), Doğu Anadolu Kırmızısı (n= 72, DAK), Boz ırk (n= 54, BI), Güney Anadolu Kırmızısı (n= 44, GAK) ile Avrupa orijinli sığır ırklarından İsviçre Esmeri (n= 61, BS) ve Simental (n= 65, S) ırkı sığırlar kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada MBL-1 geninin intron 1 (1252 G>A) ve ekzon 2 bölgelerinde (2534 G>A, 2569 T>C) bulunan toplam üç tek nükleotid polimorfizmi (SNP) yönünden incelenen sığır ırklarına ait örneklerin genotiplendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Çalışma sonunda 1252 G>A kodlu SNP yönünden DAK ve S ırklarında (p<0.05); 2534G>A kodlu SNP yönünden YK ve BS ırklarında (p<0.001, p<0.01 sırasıyla) Hardy Weinberg (HWE) dengesinin bozulduğu görülmüştür. 2569 T>C kodlu SNP yönünden ise tüm ırkların HW dengesinde oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma Türkiye'de yetiştirilen sığır ırklarında MBL-1 geninin intron 1 (1252 G>A) ve ekzon 2 bölgelerinde (2534 G>A, 2569 T>C) bulunan SNP'lerin araştırıldığı ilk çalışmadır. Çalışma sonunda bu SNP'ler ile önemli yetiştiricilik hastalıkları arasındaki ilişkilerin araştırıldığı çalışmaların planlanması gerektiği düşünülmüştür.