The aims of this study were as follows: (i) to isolate Arcobacter spp. from the stool samples of patients with gastroenteritis; (ii) to identify them with molecular methods; (iii) to genotype them using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR; and (iv) to determine their antibiotic susceptibilities. For the study, a total of 3287 diarrhoeal stool samples submitted to the Microbiology Laboratory of the Kayseri Training and Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey, between 2010 and 2011 were analysed. Campylobacter blood-free selective medium supplemented with cefoperazone, amphotericin B and teicoplanin was used for isolation. Medium inoculated with stool samples was incubated microaerobically at 37 6C for 72-96 h. Phenotypic tests, a genusspecific PCR and a multiplex PCR were used to identify the arcobacters, whilst ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping and the antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were detected by E-test. Arcobacter spp. were isolated from nine of the 3287 samples. These nine isolates were identified as Arcobacter butzleri and all showed different ERIC-PCR profiles. All nine isolates were resistant to ampicillin and susceptible to gentamicin, tetracycline, erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. As far as is known, this is the first study in which A. butzleri has been isolated from human acute gastrointestinal infections in Turkey. According to these results, it is recommended that, when investigating the aetiology of infections of the digestive system in humans, Arcobacter spp. be considered for inclusion. The results of this study should contribute to our knowledge related to A. butzleri infections in humans. INTRODUCTIONThe genus Arcobacter is a member of the family Campylobacteraceae. Currently, the genus Arcobacter has a total of 15 recognized species: Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter nitrofigilis, Arcobacter cibarius, Arcobacter halophilus, Arcobacter mytili, Arcobacter thereius, Arcobacter marinus, Arcobacter trophiarum, Arcobacter defluvii, Arcobacter molluscorum, Arcobacter ellisi, Arcobacter bivalviorum and Arcobacter venerupis Figueras et al., 2011; Levican et al., 2012). Three species, namely A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii, have been associated with gastrointestinal infections (Burnens et al., 1992;Jiang et al., 2010;Vandamme et al., 1992a) and extra-intestinal invasive diseases (Lau et al., 2002;On et al., 1995;Yan et al., 2000). In addition, asymptomatic arcobacter carriage in type 2 diabetic patients has been reported (Fera et al., 2010). Because of its isolation from many human disease cases, A. butzleri is considered to be the most important species of the genus. Some studies have reported the isolation and molecular analyses of arcobacters from miscellaneous sources in Turkey (Atabay et al., 2003(Atabay et al., , 2008Aydin et al., 2007;Ertas et al., 2010). However, in human medicine, no studies have been conducted on arcobacters, except for one case report (Kayman et al., 2010).The current study was undertake...

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ABSTRAcT. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Arcobacter spp. isolated from various sources. Seventy Arcobacter spp. isolates were tested for their susceptibility to 13 antimicrobial agents. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by using the agar disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood. The antibiotics tested included enrofloxacin, erythromycin, streptomycin, gentamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, danofloxacin, amoxycillin-clavulonic acid, cefuroxime-sodium, neomycine. Although all the arcobacters tested were susceptible to gentamycin, resistance to three or more antibacterial agents (especially, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cefuroxime-sodium and rifampin) was observed. A. butzleri isolates were found to be resistant to amoxycillin+clavulonic acid, nalidixic acid and ampicillin, at the rate of 20%, 44.28% and 78.57% respectively. In conclusion, gentamycin, streptomycin and tetracycline may be suitable antibiotics for the treatment or control of disease caused by Arcobacter spp. in veterinary and human medicine. KEY WORDS: agar disc diffusion, antibacterial susceptibility, Arcobacter spp.

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Introduction Salmonellosis, being an important public health problem, is one of the most important food-borne diseases worldwide. The primary reservoir of Salmonella for humans is the intestinal tract of poultry. Human salmonellosis outbreaks are frequently associated with raw or undercooked poultry, egg, and meat product consumption (1). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012 annual report, Salmonella was the second most common cause of confirmed outbreaks in the United States (2). It is estimated that annually 93.8 million salmonellosis cases occur in the world and 155,000 of these cases result in death. Salmonella comprises more than 2500 known serovars (3). In most developed countries, S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most frequently incriminated causal agents of human salmonellosis (4). S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype identified among others in 35 countries, followed by Typhi (12 countries) and Typhimurium (8 countries). Serotyping is needed to understand the global epidemiology and surveillance of Salmonella as well as the rapid communication of the results (5). In Turkey, the most common serotypes isolated from humans are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (6). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are of utmost importance for public health. The use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agricultural and aquaculture practices plays a key role for the development of resistance (7). Salmonella spp. isolated from the United States and other countries have revealed an increasing rate of multidrug resistance (8). High prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria in foods of animal origin creates general concern for the choice of therapeutic agent used for foodborne infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi in chicken eggs and poultry products. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were assessed in terms of selecting effective therapeutic agents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection Totally 200 samples consisting of 100 eggs (50 from markets, 50 from poultry farms), 60 processed poultry products (20 nuggets, 20 sausages, 20 salami samples), and 40 poultry giblets (20 gizzards and 20 livers) were