Background Prolonged exposure of free radicals, or known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), in hepatic cells may cause oxidative stress. Without proper treatment, it can induce liver injury and fatal hepatic disease, including cirrhosis. Red betel ( Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is one of Indonesia’s medicinal plants that has been known to exhibit antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to determine hepatoprotective effect of red betel leaves extract (RBLE) towards liver injury. Method Hydrogen peroxide-induced HepG2 cells were used as liver injury model·H 2 O 2 -induced HepG2 cells were treated with 25 µg/mL and 100 µg/mL RBLE. Several parameters were observed, including TNF-α level through ELISA; necrotic, apoptotic, dead, live cells; and ROS level through flow cytometry analysis; and GPX gene expression through qPCR. Result The study showed that treatment with RBLE were able to decrease TNF-α level; necrotic and death cells percentage; as well as ROS level. On the other hand, it were able to increase apoptotic and live cells percentage; as well as GPX gene expression. Low concentration (25 µg/mL) of RBLE treatment exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory activity as it was resulted in the lower TNF-α level and were able to switched hepatic cell death pathway from necrosis to apoptosis as shown by the shifted of apoptotic cells and necrotic cells percentage. This lead to lower death cells and ultimately improve live cells percentage. Meanwhile high concentration of RBLE (100 µg/mL) exhibited stronger antioxidant properties as indicated by lower ROS level and higher GPX gene expression. Conclusion Overall, this study was able to demonstrate hepatoprotective effect of RBLE towards liver injury model through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Background: Skin aging is a complex natural process caused by both intrinsic or genetically programmed aging and extrinsic aging caused by environmental factors, such as free radical. The use of antioxidant and anti-collagenase to prevent the aging proses has been known. Natural compounds from plants are one of the sources of antioxidant and anti-collagenase that has ability to prevent aging. Genistein and Epicatechin are the major phenolic compound found in G. max. Objectives: This research was to evaluate the antiaging potential of genistein and epicatechin through antioxidant activity assay (ABTS-reducing activity assay) and collagenase inhibitory activity assay. Methods: Antioxidant analysis of Genistein and Epicatechin was performed by 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzo-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) reducing activity Assay. Antiaging assay was conducted through inhibitory of collagenase, one of important enzyme in aging process. Results: ABTS-reducing activity assay showed that both compounds had great ABTS-reducing activity in which epicatechin had better activity than genistein. Epicatechin had low value of IC 50 ABTS-reducing activity around 14.39 µg/ml better than genistein with IC 50 about 43.17 µg/ml. In terms of collagenase inhibitory activity assay, epicatechin had lower value of IC 50 (9.08+-3.46 ug/ml), better than genistein (98.74+-4.25 ug/ml). Conclusion: Epicatechin had higher antioxidant and anti-collagenase activity compared to Genistein.

Imbalance in liver metabolism lead to oxidative stress mainly caused by free radicals or termed as reactive oxidative oxygen (ROS). Prolonged ROS exposure without proper treatment induce severe liver damage and serious hepatic diseases including cirrhosis. Eugenol (4-allyl 2-methoxyphenol) is phenolic derivative compound that showed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities. This study aims to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of eugenol through biochemical markers analysis. Cytotoxic assay was performed in various concentrations of eugenol (3,125; 6,25; 12,5; 25; 50; 100 μg/mL) using (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenkyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium) to determine the safe concentrations for next assays. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay were performed using colorimetric method to evaluate the levels and activity of liver-related enzymes which are elevated in damaged liver as they were used as hepatotoxicity markers. The viability of HepG2 cells increased in eugenol concentration 3.125 μg/mL and then decreased along with the rise of eugenol concentrations. From this cytotoxic assay, two concentrations of eugenol were choosen (6.25 and 25 ug/ml) to be evaluated in the next assays. The level of LDH, ALT, and AST decreased after eugenol treatment compared to negative control. The most effective concentration of eugenol to seemed different in certain hepatotoxicity markers. This study suggests that eugenol was safe to use for cells culture environment in large ranges of concentrations and shows hepatoprotective effect in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity model by the decrease of LDH level and AST and ALT activities.

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Background Skin aging is the most common dermatological problem caused by intrinsic and extrinsic factor, such as exposure to (ultraviolet) UV rays. Chlorogenic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound which is known for its antioxidant properties against oxidative stress. Objective This study investigates the antiaging and anti-inflammatory properties of CA on UV-induced skin fibroblast cells. Methods Anti-inflammatory properties of CA were assessed by measuring inflammatory-related proteins IL-1β and TNF-α, while antiaging properties of CA were assessed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis, live and necrotic cells, and COL-3 gene expression level. Results Treating UV-induced skin fibroblast cells with CA decreased the level of ROS, IL-1β, TNF-α, apoptotic cells, and necrotic cells and increased live cells and COL-3 gene expression. Conclusion CA has the potential as the protective compound against inflammation and aging by decreasing the level ROS, pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, apoptotic cells, and necrotic cells and by increasing live cells and COL-3 gene expression.

Background: Skin aging is a condition where skin is unable to retain both its physiological and structural integrity. Plants is the main source of phtytochemicals compound with wide range of biological activities. Through the efforts of ongoing scientific researches, an increasing number of plant extracts and phytochemicals have been showed promising result as anti-aging agent. Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss) is tropical plant belongs to the palm tree family (Arecaceae) that served as important crop in Indonesia. Despite its utilization, the phytochemical compound available in snake fruit, especially its peel have not been well documented. Present study aimed to elucidate the phytochemical constituent of snake fruit peel and its anti-aging potency.Materials and Methods: Snake fruit peel extract (SPE) was subjected to qualitative phytochemical assay, high performance liquid chromatography, and molecular docking towards protein related in skin aging.Results: The screening showed SPE contained phytochemical compound belong to flavonoid, tannin, phenol, triterpenoid, saponin and alkaloid. Thus, based on the analysis only chlorogenic acid was present in SPE whilst rutin and caffeic acid were not detected. The SPE was contained chlorogenic acid around 1.074 mg/g dry weight. Chlorogenic acid had the high binding affinity towards matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 (-9.4 kcal/mol).Conclusion: Current findings may provide scientific evidence for possible usage of SPE and its compounds as antioxidant and anti-aging agent.Keywords: Salacca zalacca, phytochemical compound, high performance liquid chromatography, anti-aging

Aging is a complicated process occurring due to the combination of incremental alterations of the skin and accumulated extrinsic factors that causes both structural and functional disruptions. The extrinsic factor of skin aging is mostly caused by free radicals, UV exposures, and pollution. Prevention is possible by escalating antioxidant intake to scavenge ROS in the skin aging process. Rutin and caffeic acid are recognized for their free radical trapping effects and reported to have potential antiaging activities. This study aimed to identify the potentials of rutin and caffeic acid as antioxidant and antiaging. Rutin and caffeic acid were tested for their antioxidant properties using the DPPH, H2O2, ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assays. Meanwhile, their antiaging activities were examined by collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase inhibitory assays. The study drew on the evidence of antioxidant and antiaging properties from the scavenging, ferric ion reducing, and inhibitory activities of rutin and caffeic acid (in ascending order): in scavenging DPPH free radicals (IC50 of rutin = 5.79 µg/mL, IC50 of caffeic acid = 8.72 µg/mL), scavenging H2O2 ( IC50 rutin = 12.09 µg/ml, IC50 caffeic acid = 15.23 µg/mL), reducing ABTS (IC50 caffeic acid = 6.23 µg/mL, IC50 rutin = 16.59 µg/mL), reducing ferric ions at 50 µg/mL (FRAP of rutin = 480.08 µM Fe(II)/µg, FRAP of caffeic acid= 526.50 µM Fe(II)/µg), inhibiting collagenase (IC50 caffeic acid = 74.42 µg/mL, IC50 rutin = 104.70 µg/mL), inhibiting elastase (IC50 rutin = 46.88 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid = 76.95 µg/mL), inhibiting tyrosinase (IC50 rutin = 55.65 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid = 145.91 µg/mL), and inhibiting hyaluronidase (IC50 rutin = 114.07 µg/mL, IC50 caffeic acid= 244.45 µg/mL). Rutin and caffeic acid have the potentials as antiaging and antioxidant.