Neuro-Behçet disease present with aggravated olfactory dysfunction compared to BD. Neurologic involvement-especially parenchymal involvement-seems to deteriorate the olfactory dysfunction. Duration of disease is correlated with this severity of dysfunction.
A man aged 58 years who had been under follow up for malignant melanoma (MM) for six years, was admitted to the neurology outpatient clinic with symptoms of headache and loss of balance. He had had very severe and throbbing headaches for the last 3 days that were not accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and were not completely relieved by analgesics. He also reported loss of balance in the last 2 days, and he had difficulty in holding objects and climbing stairs. From his past medical history, it was learned that he had undergone surgery for MM located on the skin of left shoulder and a lung metastasis that was detected four months ago. On his neurologic examination, he had blurry papillary boundaries prominent on the right side and truncal ataxia. Contrast-enhanced brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed supra-and infratentorial multiple MM metastases that showed lesions in susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and VenBOLD sequences that were hyperintense on axial T1-weighted images and hypointense on axial T2-weighted images (Figure 1). Regression of lesions was observed following radiotherapy ( Figure 2).MM is in third place among tumors that metastasize to the brain (1). Although central nervous system metastases were detected in 10-40% of patients with MM in clinical trials, this rate was higher in an autopsy series (two thirds of patients) (2). Secondary spread of MM into the brain is often observed as multiple (3). The spread of brain metastases can be seen in various forms: the three most common forms are melanotic (hyperintense on T1-weighted images and hypointense on T2-weighted images), amelanotic (iso/ hypointense on T1-weighted images and iso/hyperintense on T2-weighted images) and hemorrhagic (hypointense on T1-weighted images and hyperintense on T2-weighted images) (4).
<b><i>Background:</i></b> Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, demyelinating disease that causes cognitive, olfactory, and other neurological dysfunctions. Radiologically Isolated Syndrome (RIS), in which only radiological findings are monitored, is accepted as the preclinical stage of demyelinating disease and is considered an important period for disease pathology. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the olfactory and cognitive functions and their clinical correlation in RIS and Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) patients and a healthy control group. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Our study included 10 RRMS patients, 10 RIS patients, and 10 healthy controls. We conducted an olfactor evaluation via the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test. The subjects underwent a neuropsychometric test battery to evaluate cognitive functions, including memory, visuospatial, and executive functions. Depression was evaluated using the Beck depression scale. Fatigue and daily life activity were evaluated using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) and the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), respectively. Disability assessment was done with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). <b><i>Results:</i></b> RRMS and RIS patients’ olfactory test scores were significantly different from those in the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the odor threshold scores of patients in the RRMS and RIS groups. There was a significant correlation between memory-oriented cognitive tests and olfactory tests in the RRMS and RIS groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Olfactory dysfunction can be seen in RIS patients, like in RRMS patients. Cognitive and olfactory dysfunction may be together a sign of degeneration in demyelinating diseases.
176Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal loss. Fingolimod is the first oral drug for the treatment of MS approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, European Union countries, and various other countries. The compound exerts its effect via interaction with lysophospholipid receptors known as sphingosine-1 phosphate receptors. Although fingolimod has a very convenient daily oral dosing, it may cause development of bradycardia at the first dose, macular edema, infection, all of which require attention. Randomized double-blind clinical trials have shown that fingolimod significantly reduces relapse rates and is beneficial in brain magnetic resonance imaging measures when compared with both placebo and intramuscular interferon β-1a. This review describes the characteristics of fingolimod concerning its efficacy, safety, and tolerability in the clinical context of the management of MS.Keywords: Multiple sclerosis, fingolimod, sphingosine-1 phosphate, efficacy, safety Multipl skleroz (MS) merkezi sinir sisteminin enflamasyon, demiyelinizasyon ve akson kaybı ile karakterize kronik otoimmün, nörodejeneratif bir hastalığıdır. Fingolimod Amerikan İlaç ve Gıda Dairesi ve Avrupa Birliği üyesi ülkelerin de bulunduğu 80'den fazla ülke tarafından onaylanmış ilk oral MS ilacıdır. Bu bileşik, sfingozin-1 fosfat olarak bilinen lizofosfolipid reseptörleri aracılığı ile etkilerini gösterir. Günlük oral yolla kullanımı kolaylık sağlamakla birlikte bazı hastalarda ilk doz sırasında bradikardi gelişmesi, maküler ödem, enfeksiyon gibi bazı dikkat edilmesi gereken durumlar ile karşılaşılabilmektedir. Randomize çift-kör klinik çalışmalar, plasebo ve intramüsküler interferon β-1a tedavilerine kıyasla fingolimodun atak sıklığını anlamlı derecede azalttığını ve beyin manyetik rezonans ölçütleri üzerine yararlı etkiler gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu derlemede, fingolimodun klinikte MS hastalarının yönetimindeki etkinliği, güvenliliği ve tolerabilitesi ele alınmıştır.
Ocrelizumab, a novel member of disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS), is a humanised monoclonal antibody against the CD20 molecule on the surface of B cells. Reports on possible effects of this molecule in MS therapy have attracted a lot attention since its approval in 2017. The authors present a 31-year-old female patient who was diagnosed with MS in 2008, with a concomitant disease of Type 1 diabetes (T1D). The patient’s MS treatment included interferon-β1a and fingolimod prior to ocrelizumab initiation in 2019. In regard to the patient’s T1D course, they had poor glycaemic control despite regular follow-ups and strict treatment plans. Subsequent to the commencement of ocrelizumab therapy, a significant improvement was observed in their glycaemic control. The authors’ case study aims to raise motivation for further investigation and studies to evaluate this unexpected potential impact of ocrelizumab on T1D control.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.