Permasalahan utama mengenai ketenagakerjaan pertanian kita yaitu terjadinya perubahan struktur demografi yang kurang menguntungkan bagi sektor pertanian yang mengarah pada penuaan petani. Petani berusia tua (lebih dari 55 tahun) jumlahnya semakin meningkat, akan tetapi tenaga kerja berusia muda semakin berkurang. Semakin tingginya tingkat pendidikan pemuda di perdesaan, maka mereka semakin selektif dalam memilih pekerjaan. Mereka enggan untuk bekerja di pedesaan karena adanya ketidakcocokan antara ketrampilan dan tingkat pendidikan yang dimiliki dengan ketersediaan pekerjaan di perdesaan. Padahal Indonesia membutuhkan petani-petani yang produktif untuk memaksimalkan produksi pangan. Tujuan makalah ini adalah menjelaskan perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dilihat dari fenomena aging farmer dan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja usia muda sektor pertanian di Indonesia , menjelaskan berbagai faktor penyebab perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dan keengganan tenaga kerja usia muda masuk ke sektor pertanian, menjelaskan kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung tenaga kerja muda masuk ke sektor pertanian. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dan deskriptif. Hasilnya adalah masalah krisis petani muda harus segera ditanggulangi supaya tidak mengancam ketahanan pangan di Indonesia.
<p>Sebagai salah satu daerah di propinsi Jawa Timur yang menyumbang devisa terbesar di Indonesia melalui pengiriman TKI di luar negeri adalah kabupaten Ponorogo. Fenomena tersebut menyebabkan adanya permasalahan tata keruangan wilayah maupun sosiologi pedesaan .Hal ini memberikan dampak pada pergeseran mata pencaharian dari petani menjadi bukan petani. Salah satu wilayah yang mengalami perubahan menjadi perkotaan adalah di lima desa Kabupaten Ponorogo yaitu Mojorejo, Kemuning, Siwalan, Babadan, Demangan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat konsistensi pemuda tani terhadap mata pencahariannya di Kabupaten Ponorogo. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survey. Data yang dikumpulkan diperoleh melalui teknik wawancara dengan para pemuda tani yang tersebar di lima desa di Kecamatan kota Ponorogo.Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan <em>purposive sample</em> dengan mengambil 60 sampel. Kemudian mendeskripsikan konsistensi pemuda tani dengan cara skoring. Selanjutnya diklasifikasikan dalam tiga kelas, yaitu kelas tidak konsisten, kurang konsisten, dan konsisten. Di Kabupaten Ponorogo terdapat 38.3% pemuda tani tidak konsisten (23pemudatani).Pemuda yang tidak konsisten di dominasi oleh para pemuda tani yang penguasaan lahannya sempit (<1.200m<sup>2</sup>), pendapatan dari hasil kegiatan pertanian rendah (< Rp. 10.000.000,00 per tahun) dan mengelola lahan yang dimiliki oleh investor. Sementara itu terdapat 25% (15pemuda tani) kurang konsisten yang didominasi oleh para pemuda tani yang memiliki pekerjaan lain di luar pertanian dan bukan penduduk asli. Sedangkan pemuda tani yang konsisten 36,7% (22pemuda tani) yang didominasi oleh para pemuda yang kepemilikan lahannya luas (>2.000m<sup>2</sup>), pendapatan tinggi (> Rp. 15.000.000,00 per tahun) dan merupakan penduduk asli.</p><p> </p><p>ABSTRACT</p><p><em>As one of the areas in the province of East Java, which accounts for the largest foreign exchange in Indonesia through sending workers in a foreign country is Ponorogo. The phenomenon led to problems of spatial planning regions and rural sociology. It is an impact on the livelihoods of farmers shifting to non-farmers. One area that has been changed into an urban village is in five Ponorogo is Mojorejo, Myrtle, Siwalan, Babadan, Demangan This study aims to determine the consistency of farm youth to livelihood in Ponorogo. This study used survey method. The data collected was obtained through interviews with youths techniques farmers in five villages in the district town of Ponorogo. Data analysis technique using purposive sample by taking 60 samples. Then describe the consistency of farm youth by means of scoring. Further classified into three classes, namely inconsistent, less consistent, and consistent. In Ponorogo contained 38.3% farm youth inconsistent (23 young farmer). Youth who do not consistently dominated by the young peasant land tenure narrow (<1.200m2), income from agricultural activities is low (<Rp. 10,000,000.00 per year) and manage land owned by the investor. Meanwhile there is a 25% (15 young farmer) less consistently dominated by the young farmers have other jobs outside the agricultural and non-indigenous. While young farmer consistent 36.7% (22 young farmers) are dominated by young men who vast land holdings (> 2.000m2), high incomes (> Rp. 15,000,000.00 per year) and the original inhabitants.</em></p>
The horticulture subsector occupies a strategic position in the development of Indonesia's agriculture sector. Farmers have an important role in developing agriculture and promoting the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Therefore this paper aims (1) to find out the distribution of characteristics of young farmers in Malang Regency, (2) to know the managerial capacity and empowerment of young farmers in horticultural agriculture in Malang Regency. This research was conducted in five villages in Malang Regency in 2018. These villages were Codo Village, Dampit Village, Punten Village, Gempol Village, and Ngantru Village. The sample is determined by census with a sample size of 195. The analytical method used is descriptive method. Data obtained using interviews through questionnaires. The results showed that the characteristics of young horticultural farmers in Malang Regency were mostly in their 30s and men. The level of education of young horticultural farmers is still low and on average has 9 years of agricultural experience with low land ownership. An intensive policy is needed for young farmers in terms of land ownership. Most farmers have used cellphones or gadgets to carry out agricultural transactions. Most young horticultural farmers in Malang Regency already have good managerial capacity, but in terms of empowerment is still not optimal. The government and farmer groups need to increase their role in supporting the agriculture of young horticultural farmers to be more developed so that young farmers in Malang Regency do not leave their jobs in the agricultural sector..
Horticultural business in Malang tends to be cultivated by young farmers with various characteristics, such as individual characteristics, economic environment, social culture, empowerment, and managerial capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of individual characteristics and external environment on the interests of young farmers and horticultural farming in Malang Regency. The study was conducted using a purposive sampling method with a number of 200 young farmers. Data collection was carried out for 3 months, from January to March 2019. Data analysis was used using SEM WarpPLS. Based on the results of the analysis and discussion that the interest of young farmers in horticultural agriculture in Malang Regency is still high, the statistical test found that the external environment in the form of social and empowerment factors encourages the interest of young farmers in horticultural agriculture in Malang Regency. In addition, the knowledge of young farmers is the main driving factor that drives the interests of young farmers. Other factors such as individual characteristics, economic environment, and managerial capacity are not significant drivers, because the statistical value is below its critical value.
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