<p><em>The purposes of this study was to identify the condition of agricultural labor; know the causes, impacts and strategies to reduce the shift of the youth labor from agricultural to non-agricultural sector. This research was conducted in Bantul, Gunungkidul, Kulon Progo and Sleman regency in 2015. The results showed that the number of households and agricultural enterprises in DIY decrease. The participation of youth in agricultural sector had been decline and the age of agricultural labor DIY was dominated by the farmers over 60 years. Factors which push the shift of the youth from agricultural to non-agricultural was the bigger income on non-agricultural sector, negative image of agriculture, increase of education, narrow land ownership and ease of rural accessibility. While the factors of pull the youth was financial, parental inheritance and government incentives. The impacts of this condition was decrease of the effectiveness and efficiency of agriculture; the scarcity of agricultural labor and increase of the wage. To overcome this, it is necessary to increase the role of youth in the farmers' institutions; introduction of agriculture through early childhood education; improve the quality of agricultural actors; develope integrated agriculture; strengthen cooperative farming; agricultural insurance and marketing guarantees.</em></p>
Permasalahan utama mengenai ketenagakerjaan pertanian kita yaitu terjadinya perubahan struktur demografi yang kurang menguntungkan bagi sektor pertanian yang mengarah pada penuaan petani. Petani berusia tua (lebih dari 55 tahun) jumlahnya semakin meningkat, akan tetapi tenaga kerja berusia muda semakin berkurang. Semakin tingginya tingkat pendidikan pemuda di perdesaan, maka mereka semakin selektif dalam memilih pekerjaan. Mereka enggan untuk bekerja di pedesaan karena adanya ketidakcocokan antara ketrampilan dan tingkat pendidikan yang dimiliki dengan ketersediaan pekerjaan di perdesaan. Padahal Indonesia membutuhkan petani-petani yang produktif untuk memaksimalkan produksi pangan. Tujuan makalah ini adalah menjelaskan perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dilihat dari fenomena aging farmer dan menurunnya jumlah tenaga kerja usia muda sektor pertanian di Indonesia , menjelaskan berbagai faktor penyebab perubahan struktural tenaga kerja pertanian dan keengganan tenaga kerja usia muda masuk ke sektor pertanian, menjelaskan kebijakan yang diperlukan untuk mendukung tenaga kerja muda masuk ke sektor pertanian. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dan deskriptif. Hasilnya adalah masalah krisis petani muda harus segera ditanggulangi supaya tidak mengancam ketahanan pangan di Indonesia.
The existence of the traditional market as a center of most people’s economic activities in Indonesian society has begun to be displaced by the modern market. Improvement in service quality is important in increasing consumers’ loyalty in order to retain them. The purposes of this research are: 1) to know the level of marketing mix of (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process, in 7P traditional market; 2) to know the level of traditional market consumer’s loyalty of and 3) to determine the relationship between marketing mix implementation with consumer’s loyalty. There were 180 traditional market consumers selected by incidental sampling method from 8 traditional markets in 6 districts among 5 provinces all over Indonesia. Checklists and Likert scale questionnaires were used as tools in this study. Descriptive method was used to analyze data. Based on analysis results, it is known that, according to the consumers, the level of marketing mix implementation in traditional markets is high with an average value of 74.07%. The marketing mix elements in order to arrange from the highest to the lowest level of implementation are respectively those termed People, Process, Physical Evidence, Price, Place, Product, and Promotion. The People element is the highest in level. This shows that traders’ friendliness, alacrity, and honesty are still the hallmarks of traditional markets. The Promotion element is the lowest in level because most of the merchants do not implement proper promotion. The average of consumers’ loyalty level in traditional markets is 77.61%, which is considered high in the category. The 7P’s marketing mix, except for the Product aspect, have a positive and significant correlation with consumer loyalty, but it is still relatively weak. The consumers would continue to repurchase in the traditional markets and recommend that others also shop there.
This study aims to determine the efficiency of production and factors affecting production inefficiency of shallot farming in Madiun Regency. The research was conducted in Bandungan Village, Saradan District. This study involved 60 farmers as the samples determined by accidental sampling method. The data analyzed was farming data on Raya season or dry season. The efficiency of production was determined by frontier method. The result showed that shallot farming in Madiun Regency was efficient in production with an average efficiency value was 0.903. Factors which positively affecting shallot production in Madiun Regency were family's potential labor and farmer participation in farmer group. The efficiency of shallot production during the Raya season or dry season could be optimized. The use of family's potential labor should be reduced an farmer groups must be optimized to empower farmers.
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