LiCoO<sub>2</sub> cathode material has been continuously applied in commercial LIBs cells. It has high gravimetric and volumetric density. In this research, an economical approach to obtain LiCoO<sub>2</sub> is proposed. Pure cobalt oxide (Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) precursor was obtained via atmospheric precipitation of cobalt sulfate and thermal decomposition of the as-obtained hydroxide precursor. The next heat treatment was performed to obtain LiCoO<sub>2</sub> powder. To investigate the characteristic of the precursor and the final product, XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis were conducted. The final product has hexagonal structure and quasi spherical morphology. The size of the particle is in micron. The charge-discharge analysis of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> was conducted in LiCoO<sub>2</sub>/Graphite system where the initial capacity of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> is 120 mAh/g at the current density of 0.1 C (20 mA/g). Overall, this method can be used for large scale LiCoO<sub>2</sub> cell production.
Sustainable green new and renewable energy is continuously developed along with the development of cheap and commercially available secondary energy storage such as Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Nickel-rich cathode material obtained from cheap raw materials can significantly reduce the overall LIBs production cost and improve the overall process feasibility. For the first time, Ni-rich cathode material precursor was synthesized from mixed hydroxide precipitate (MHP). Based on MHP characterization test, the nickel content is high but have slight Mn and Mg level. NCM precursors was prepared in three facile steps, i.e., acid leaching using cheap and environmentally friendly organic acids, coprecipitation using oxalic acid, and thermal decomposition of as-prepared oxalate precipitate. Based on FTIR and XRD analysis, high crystalline oxalate dihydrate precipitates were successfully obtained. The morphological feature of the precipitate is significantly affected by the type of leaching solution. Fine metal oxides precursor powders also were successfully prepared which is confirmed by XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis and can be readily used for Ni-rich cathode material preparation. In this study, NCM-Ox-LA have the best characteristic properties.
Li ion batteries is a crucial energy storage for new and renewable energy (NRE)-based power plant due to its high energy density. However, the anode materials of commercial Li-ion batteries such as graphite and Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> are considered less eco-friendly due to it requirement of high temperature processing which is also uneconomical. In this research, for the first time ever, zinc oxalate was prepared via mild temperature precipitation process and applied as anode material in commercial Li-ion batteries. XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis were conducted to examine the physical and chemical properties of the as obtained zinc oxalate. The effect of precursor concentration was investigated. Charge-discharge analysis shows that zinc oxalate dihydrate as anode material delivered a discharge capacity of 25 mAh/g.
Li ion batteries (LIBs) are widely used as energy storage for electronic devices and electric vehicles. Due to its limited lifetime, its disposal can cause a serious environmental problem. Heavy metals are highly toxic and require serious handling. Moreover, the some of the heave metals are considered valuable to be directly discarded. In this review, LIBs waste processing techniques were discussed. The cathode material which contain high amount of heavy metals can be processed using metallurgical approach, such as: pyro-metallurgy, hydro-metallurgy and bio-metallurgy which have their own advances and disadvantages. The recovery of heavy metals can be performed by bottom-up process such as chemical precipitation, hydrothermal, and sol-gel process. In the end, the recovered valuable metals can be used as precursor to Li-ion batteries materials, thus reducing the exploitation of metals through mining process and reducing hazardous waste.
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