Abundantly available SiO2 (silica) has great potential as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries because it is inexpensive and flexible. However, silicon oxide-based anode material preparation usually requires many complex steps. In this article, we report a facile method for preparing a SiO2/C composite derived from coal combustion fly ash as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. SiO2 was obtained by caustic extraction and HCl precipitation. Then, the SiO2/C composite was successfully obtained by mechanical milling followed by heat treatment. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical properties were tested using an 18650 cylindrical cell utilizing LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) as the counter electrode. Based on the obtained results, the physiochemical characteristics and electrochemical performance, it was determined that SiO2/C composites were greatly affected by the temperature of heat treatment. The best result was obtained with the SiO2 content of 10% w/w, heating temperature of 500 °C, initial specific discharge capacity of 586 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 378 mAh g−1), and reversible capacity of 87% after 20 cycles. These results confirmed that the obtained materials had good initial discharge capacity, cyclability, high performance, and exhibited great potential as an anode material for LIBs.

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Highly crystalline “zero-strain” Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has great potential as an alternative material for the anodes in a lithium ion battery. In this research, highly crystalline LTO with impressive electrochemical characteristics was synthesized via a salt-assisted solid-state reaction using TiO2, LiOH, and various amounts of NaCl as a salt additive. The LTO particles exhibited a cubic spinel structure with homogenous micron-sized particles. The highest initial specific discharge capacity of LTO was 141.04 mAh/g with 4 wt % NaCl addition, which was tested in a full-cell (LTO/LiFePO4) battery. The battery cell showed self-recovery ability during the cycling test at 10 C-rate, which can extend the cycle life of the cell. The salt-assisted process affected the crystallinity of the LTO particles, which has a favorable effect on its electrochemical performance as anodes.

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<p><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>Gas purification from the content of H₂S using  Fe-EDTA (Iron Chelated Solution) gave  several advantages. The advantages were  the absorbent solution can be regenerated that means  a cheap operation cost,  the separated sulfur was a solid that is easy to handle and is save to be disposal to environment. This research was done by simulation and experimental. The simulation step was done by mathematical model arrangement representing the absorption process in packed column through mass transfer arrangement such as mass transfer equations and chemical reaction. The experimental step was done with the making of Fe-EDTA solution from FeCl₂ and EDTA. Then Fe-EDTA solution was flown in counter current packed column that was contacted with H₂S in the methane gas. By comparing gas composition result of experiment and simulation, the value of mass transfer coefficient in gas phase ( k_Aga), mass transfer coefficient in liquid phase (k_Ala) and the reaction rate constant ( k) were found. The values of mass transfer coefficient in liquid phase (k_Ala) were lower than values of mass transfer coefficient in gas phase (k_Aga) and the reaction rate constant (k). It meant that H₂S absorption  process using Fe-EDTA absorbent solution was determined by mass transfer process in liquid phase. The higher flow rate of absorbent, the higher value of mass transfer coefficient in liquid phase. </em><em>The smaller packing diameter, the higher value of mass transfer coefficient in liquid phase.From analysis of dimension, the relation of dimensionless number between Sherwood number and flow rate of absorbent, packing diameter was</em><strong></strong></p><p> <strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>chemical reaction, Fe-EDTA, H₂S absorption, mass transfer</em></p>

<pre>Sweet orange peel is a waste. There is a high economic valued chemical compound of essential oil called limonene which has a distinctive fresh aroma.. Essential oil of Limonene  was extracted from orange peel then will be applied as aromatherapy candles. The taking of essential oils is using distillation of liquid vapor for 3 hours. After that, the essential oil is added to aromatherapy wax and stearic acid. The volume of essential oil extracted from distillation in this study is 2,3 mL with weight 1.957 grams from 200 grams of orange peel. The addition of essential oil is 3 mL for sample 1 and 5 mL for sample 2.. The aromatherapy candles had tested for flame duration and product acceptance in the community. The result showed that the higher the content of Essential oil of Limonene  the longer the flame duration and the higher the acceptance in the community. </pre><p> </p><p><strong>Keyword</strong> : sweet orange peel, essential oil of Limonene, extraction, distillation, aromatherapy candle,</p><p> </p>

<p align="center"><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><em>The increasing of the volum and kinds o</em><em>f Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) endangered the environment and life so it has been managed well. As a state law, of the Law No. 32/ 2009 of The Protection and Management of the Environment </em><em>(L</em><em>aw of </em><em>PP</em><em>L</em><em>H) and its derivatives, i.e, </em><em>G</em><em>o</em><em>v</em><em>ern</em><em>m</em><em>en</em><em>t Regulation No. 101/2014 of </em><em>t</em><em>h</em><em>e </em><em>M</em><em>anage</em><em>m</em><em>en</em><em>t of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) and The ministry Regulation No.P 95/2018 of integrated licency of Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) with environment licence through the electronically integrated service of a company licence, should fulfill  The Law Theory of Law Substance, Law Structure and Law Culture. It also should be able to ensure the legal certainty, justice and expediency. The aims of the research were to analyze The Regulations of Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) mentioned above and to describe the violation potential the related Regulations.The result of analysis showed that The Regulations had good law substance and law structure. The good implementation of the Regulations could be expected to bring up a good law culture.  The Regulations would be able give the legal certainty, justice and expediency when it was well implemented. The violation potential could be not only from the Law Subject in related to the licensing and supervision but also from the Law Object in related to the abuse of licence anda data manipulation. The violation can be minimized by the licence simplification,   the ease of data acces and the increasing of number and quality of supervision. The conclusion of research were that the Regulations related to Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste (B3) were good of both Law Theory and Law function, but many violation potential to the regulations so it had to be anticipated.</em><em></em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: <em>Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste, State, Law Function, Violation potential.    </em><em></em></p>

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