A facile approach for the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

Jumari, Arif; Yudha, Cornelius Satria; Dyartanti, Endah Retno; Nizam, Muhammad; Suranto, Suranto; Purwanto, Agus

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.190

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Taking into account the chemical composition, the chemical formula of the cathode material was LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 . Anode material was composed of carbon as graphite, the main dominant material in the market. , The results are in accordance with Jumari et al, where the authors presented similar XRD peaks for the NCA battery, being graphite for the anode, and a composition of LiMO 2 for the cathode, where M is represented by a specific transition metal, which could be Ni, Co, Mn, and Al, in different atomic proportions …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Comparing the acids used in this study, H 2 SO 4 and C 6 H 8 O 7 represented almost half of the H 3 PO 4 costs. In the leaching reaction, the C 6 H 8 O 7 reaction had high viscosity and was difficult in solid–liquid separation as previously depicted in the literature. ,, It might increase the cost of the filtration step to obtain the leach liquor for further separation and purification techniques. Consequently, the sulfate route was decided for the following experiments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

de Castro,

Romano Espinosa,

Gobo

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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NCA batteries represent 8% of the market share, and the literature lacks recycling studies and routes toward a cost-effective recycling process. The present study aimed to develop the hydrometallurgical recycling process of NCA cylindrical batteries. The cells were discharged, followed by physical treatment before leaching. Three different acids were evaluated: H2SO4, H3PO4, and citric acid. Reducing agents were not necessary due to the presence of Al foils, which reduces leaching costs. Citric acid represented a better cost-effective option, but solid–liquid separation represents a drawback to the process. After H2SO4 leaching at 90 °C for 90 min in a solid–liquid ratio of 1/5 and 2.0 mol/L without Cu leaching, Al was separated by precipitation followed by solvent extraction for Co separation using Cyanex 272. Ni was obtained as hydroxide, and Li crystallized as sulfate. The mass balance demonstrated that about 92% of Li, 80% of Ni, and 85% of Co can be recovered in hydrometallurgical processing. Products with purity >95% can be used in battery and stainless-steel production. The process has the potential to have a low CO2 footprint, and future studies will explore it.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

de Castro,

Romano Espinosa,

Gobo

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Li 2 CO 3 particles (Figure a,b) in the magnetic product confirms the sintering of Li salts at high temperature. High-purity (>98%) Li 2 CO 3 with a rod-like morphology was retrieved after evaporation of the water-leaching solution, as shown in Figure c . High-purity Co oxalate (>98%) with a light pink color and a rod-like morphology was obtained after precipitation from the leach solution, as shown in Figure d …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Bhandari

Dhawan

2022

Energy Fuels

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The massive availability of discarded LiCoO2 (LCO)-type batteries calls for inevitable metal recycling. Hydrogen reduction of retrieved cathode powder was investigated to recover Li and Co values selectively. A systematic experimental investigation with detailed characterization was conducted for the underlying reduction mechanism. Thermodynamic analysis and experimental evidence show that the stable layered LCO structure breaks to Co metal/oxides above 500 °C. The effect of temperature and time was studied, followed by water leaching for selective Li recovery. Magnetic separation was carried out on the leach residue, and 140 emu/g saturation magnetization of the magnetic fraction was found at 800 °C (60 min). A dissolution of 99% Co with 80% Li recovery was obtained at a lower reduction temperature (600 °C, 60 min) with a magnetic yield of 64%, followed by 2 M H2SO4 leaching. Reduction at a high temperature (800 °C) was beneficial for recovering metallic Co with a yield of 56% but with lower Li dissolution. HRTEM studies on reduced products reveal the complete reduction of the metallic Co phase and Li entrapment in the reduced powder. Overall, 52 g of lithium carbonate salt (Li2CO3 > 99%) and ∼380 g of a cobalt oxalate (>97%) precursor can be obtained from 1 kg of discarded batteries after hydrogen reduction at 600 °C. The proposed hydrogen reduction followed by magnetic separation is promising and sustainable for metal recovery from end-of-life batteries.

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“…A carbonated water leaching process was developed to convert Li 2 CO 3 to the more soluble LiHCO 3 , which was used to prepare highly concentrated lithium solutions. 226 The hydrometallurgy leaching process was used to separate single transition metal elements from the material after Li extraction, which is consistent with the solution conversion process described above. 219 This process was also used by some recycling companies.…”

Section: Energy and Environmental Science Reviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Lin

Zhang

Fan

et al. 2023

Energy Environ. Sci.

101

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A facile approach for the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

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A facile approach for the selective recovery of lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 9 publications

References 39 publications

Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

Design of Recycling Processes for NCA-Type Li-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles toward the Circular Economy

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO2 Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

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Product

Resources

About

Investigation of Hydrogen Reduction of LiCoO₂ Cathode Material for the Recovery of Li and Co Values