Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Lin, Jiao; Zhang, Xiaodong; Fan, Ersha; Chen, Renjie; Wu, Feng; Li, Li

doi:10.1039/d2ee03257k

Cited by 102 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 364 publications

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“…Besides inorganic acids, organic acids are used such as ascorbic acid, lactic acid, and citric acid, even though the organic acids generally have the problem of high cost. , Both inorganic acid and organic acid are difficult to recover . In conclusion, there is a need to develop a simple, easy, low-cost, recyclable process for the recovery of spent LiFePO 4 cathode powder materials …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 In conclusion, there is a need to develop a simple, easy, low-cost, recyclable process for the recovery of spent LiFePO 4 cathode powder materials. 24 In this work, it is proposed to use a low-cost, recyclable 732 cation exchange resin as a leaching agent and adsorbent to leach and adsorb Li and Fe from the spent LiFePO 4 cathode. The conventional processes require high concentrations and excessive amounts of inorganic/organic acids, which cannot be directly recycled.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

et al. 2023

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In recent years, the large consumption of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) has caused resource waste and environmental pollution. It is crucial to recycle and reuse LiBs, especially the valuable elements from the spent LiBs. In this research, a new, sustainable, and easy-to-implement process for the recycling of spent LiFePO4 cathode powder is proposed. 732 cation exchange resin is used as a leaching agent and an adsorbent to leach and adsorb Li and Fe from the spent LiFePO4 powder. The effects of various parameters, such as the cathode scrap-to-resin ratio (1/9), time (35 min), water addition (30 mL), and reaction temperature (30 °C), on the resin leaching and adsorption of the waste LiFePO4 cathode powder have been investigated. The effect of acid concentration on the elution rate during resin elution and experiments on the recyclability of the resin has been carried out as well. The results indicate that it is technically and economically feasible and environmentally friendly to use the 732 cation exchange resin to recover the waste LiFePO4 cathode powder. Products including high-purity Li2CO3 (99.95%), Fe2O3, and high-purity phosphoric acid can be obtained based on this process, through which a full component recovery with a high recovery rate was achieved. We investigated the reaction of kinetic analysis and also explored the effect of reaction conditions on the reaction. In contrast to previous studies on spent LiFePO4 cathode powder, our approach is promising and is analyzed as follows: (1) the 732 cation exchange resin has a dual role in the recycling process of used LiFePO4 cathode powder (leaching-adsorption) in the used LiFePO4 cathode powder recycling process. (2) The separation of the valued metals and the phosphoric acid can be achieved in one step using the 732 cation exchange resin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

et al. 2023

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“…[1] It is alarming that the world reserves of lithium, cobalt, and other metals are not only limited and unevenly distributed, but their extraction process requires surplus labor and creates considerable pollution. [2][3][4][5] Experts in the field of sustainability and circular economy have shifted their focus toward upcycling, which is the activity of making new materials, objects, etc. out of old or used things or waste material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upcycling of Spent LiCoO₂ Cathode to Lithium Dual‐Ion Battery Anode

Suriyakumar

Pattavathi

Jojo

et al. 2023

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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Owing to the paradigm shift of the automobile industry toward the electrification of vehicles, the aftermath of batteries that power these devices at the end of their lives has to be addressed strenuously. Since upcycling strategies are hardly in the limelight, this paper focuses on giving a second life to LiCoO 2 cathode as a dual-ion battery (DIB) anode. Among many possible recovery approaches explored for cobalt, a microwave-assisted green leaching method comprising mild leaching agents is chosen for this work. Cobalt is recovered as cobalt oxalate and converted to cobalt/cobalt oxide nanospheres embedded in a porous graphitic carbon matrix (Co 3 O 4 /Co@C). Due to the high working voltage, excellent safety, and environmental friendliness, DIBs are being considered as a replacement for lithium-ion batteries in specific sectors. In an unconventional approach, the derived Co 3 O 4 /Co@C is effectively employed as an anode material for dual-ion batteries. The half-cell demonstrates a high discharge capacity of 550 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 . A full-cell DIB fabricated using Co 3 O 4 /Co@C, derived from upcycled LiCoO 2 as an anode and graphite as a cathode, shows an appreciable capacity and remarkable cycling stability. This sustainable approach for upcycling exhausted LIBs can pave the way to improve the circular economy of batteries.

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“…The development of the world economy leads to an enormous growth in energy demand, and the combustion of fossil fuels results in significant emissions of greenhouse gases, especially CO 2 . − Carbon peaking and neutrality strategies require limiting the consumption of fossil fuels and regulating the large amount of CO 2 emissions . Renewable energy is considered an effective alternative to fossil energy with nearly zero CO 2 emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1−3 Carbon peaking and neutrality strategies require limiting the consumption of fossil fuels and regulating the large amount of CO 2 emissions. 4 Renewable energy is considered an effective alternative to fossil energy with nearly zero CO 2 emissions. However, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and water are intermittent, so energy storage is indispensable.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simplifying and Optimizing Li₄SiO₄ Preparation from Spent LiFePO₄ Batteries with Enhanced CO₂ Adsorption

Ruan,

Tong,

Ran

et al. 2023

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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A large amount of spent lithium batteries, especially lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), is discarded due to their limited lifespan and poses a great threat to the environment. At the same time, the potential application of Li4SiO4, an efficient high-temperature CO2 sorbent, is largely limited by the high cost of lithium resources. Thus, the preparation of Li4SiO4 from spent LiFePO4 batteries has great potential for achieving waste recycling and reducing CO2 capture costs. However, the process of recycling spent LiFePO4 batteries to synthesize Li4SiO4 sorbents still needs to be well investigated. This work proposes to simplify the preparation scheme by combing precipitation, Na doping, and synthesis processes and further optimizing the key variables of pH, Na2CO3 ratio, and heating rate. An optimal condition is determined to be pH = 9, Na2CO3 ratio = 11 wt %, and heating rate = 5 °C/min, and the sorbent prepared shows a superior stable CO2 capacity of 0.24 g/g in 80 adsorption/desorption cycles. The work develops an effective Li4SiO4 preparation scheme from spent LiFePO4 batteries with largely enhanced CO2 adsorption performance and reduced cost and could achieve a win–win situation in waste recycling and CO2 mitigation.

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Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Abstract: The research on new energy storage technologies has been sparked by the energy crisis, the greenhouse effect, and air pollution, leading to the continued development and commercialization of electrochemical energy...

Cited by 102 publications

References 364 publications

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Upcycling of Spent LiCoO₂ Cathode to Lithium Dual‐Ion Battery Anode

Simplifying and Optimizing Li₄SiO₄ Preparation from Spent LiFePO₄ Batteries with Enhanced CO₂ Adsorption

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Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

Abstract: The research on new energy storage technologies has been sparked by the energy crisis, the greenhouse effect, and air pollution, leading to the continued development and commercialization of electrochemical energy...

Cited by 102 publications

References 364 publications

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO4 Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Upcycling of Spent LiCoO2 Cathode to Lithium Dual‐Ion Battery Anode

Simplifying and Optimizing Li4SiO4 Preparation from Spent LiFePO4 Batteries with Enhanced CO2 Adsorption

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Total Component Recovery of Spent LiFePO₄ Cathode Powder: A Leaching-Adsorption Process

Upcycling of Spent LiCoO₂ Cathode to Lithium Dual‐Ion Battery Anode

Simplifying and Optimizing Li₄SiO₄ Preparation from Spent LiFePO₄ Batteries with Enhanced CO₂ Adsorption