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ABSTRACT. Natural additives have become one of the most alternative immune enhancer nowadays. In particular, Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira platensis) (SP) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) have been used for improving the immune system and quality of life. The aim of this study was to regulate the immune effect of S. cerevisiae and S. platensis (A. platensis) combination. Forty male New Zealand white rabbits, aged 5-6 weeks, were analysed in 4 groups: Control (basal diet); SC (added 3 g/kg diet), SP (added 5% of the diet); SC and SP (added 3 g/kg SC and 5% SP of the diet). The entire experiment lasted 90 days. Blood samples were obtained by ear venipuncture on the 90 th day. The CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte values were determined by flow cytometry and cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-4) were determined by ELISA. According to the results, there were no significant differences in the expression of cytokines, but serum CD4+/CD8+ increased in the animals fed SP and SC+SP supplemented diets (3 g/kg and 5% of the diet, respectively). It was concluded that S. platensis (A. platensis) may be used as an immune enhancer, although further studies are needed to clarify the effects of spirulina supplement on immunity.Key words: rabbits, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Spirulina platensis, Arthrospira platensis, immunity. RESUMEN.Los aditivos naturales se han convertido en uno de los mayores potenciadores alternativos de inmunidad actualmente. Spirulina platensis (SP) y Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) se han usado para mejorar el sistema inmunológico y la calidad de vida. El objetivo de este estudio fue regular el efecto inmune de la combinación de S. cerevisiae y S. platensis (A. platensis). Se analizaron 40 conejos blancos machos de Nueva Zelanda, de 5 a 6 semanas de edad, en 4 grupos: Control (dieta basal); SC (añadido 3 g / kg de dieta); SP (añadido 5% de la dieta); SC y SP (se añadieron 3 g/kg SC y 5% SP de la dieta), respectivamente. El experimento completo duró 90 días. Muestras de sangre fueron obtenidas mediante punción venosa de oído en el día 90. Los valores de linfocitos T CD4+ y CD8+ se determinaron mediante citometría de flujo y las citoquinas (IFN-γ e IL-4) se determinaron por ELISA. De acuerdo con los resultados, no hubo diferencias significativas en la expresión de citoquinas, pero el suero CD4+/CD8+ aumentó en los animales alimentados con SP y SC + SP dietas suplementadas (3 g/kg y 5% de la dieta, respectivamente). Se concluye que S. platensis (A. platensis) se puede utilizar como un potenciador immune, aunque se necesitan más estudios para aclarar los efectos de la suplementación de espirulina en la inmunidad.

Serum immunoglobulin (IgG) and semiquantitative tests are used for the evaluation of passive transfer immunity (PTI) in calves. We aimed to evaluate PTI in calves by using a Brix refractometer, total protein (TP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) on days 1, 3, and 7 after birth; to compare the results with serum IgG; and to evaluate which day these tests are given on will give the best results. The blood samples were collected from 60 Holstein dairy calves on day 0, just after birth, and on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th days after birth. The serum IgG concentration was measured by ELISA, the Brix % and TP concentrations with refractometers, and GGT activity using a dry chemistry system. The duration of the GCT was determined in the first 60 min. The IgG, TP concentration, and Brix % all peaked on the 3rd day of the study. GGT showed a significant decline after 24 h. Evaluating the Brix %, IgG, TP, and GCT levels more than 24 h after birth gives better results. However, GGT activity was observed as an early indicator of failure of passive transfer, as the GGT levels were highest 24 h after birth.

Introduction: The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the serum levels of adiponectin and TNF-α, as well as insulin sensitivity, and to elucidate the possible relationship among the parameters and negative energy balance during the periparturient period of dairy cows. Material and Methods: Thirty primiparous Holstein dairy cows were selected for the study. Blood samples were collected from each cow seven days before the expected calving date, on the calving day, and 7, 14, and 21 days after calving. Blood non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA), glucose, insulin, adiponectin, and TNF-α levels were measured. Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (rQUICKI) was calculated using data on NEFA, insulin, and glucose concentrations. Results: When compared to prepartum levels, serum concentration of adiponectin significantly increased on day 21 postpartum. The rQUICKI increased and NEFA levels decreased on day 7 after parturition. Insulin and glucose levels decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum when compared with prepartum levels. BHBA levels decreased on day 21 and TNF-α concentration also decreased on days 7, 14, and 21 postpartum. Adiponectin levels positively correlated with NEFA during the preparturient period. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin and rQUICKI on calving day and on 14 th day after parturition. TNF-α concentration positively correlated with glucose levels on day 7 prepartum and on 21 st day postpartum and with rQUICKI on 21 st day postpartum. Negative correlation was detected between adiponectin level and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, we concluded that adiponectin could possibly increase insulin sensitivity when blood NEFA concentrations are elevated.