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ABSTRACT

Background: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is bone stimulator which capable of inducing differentiation of mesenchymal cells into osteoblast, stimulating bone formation in wound healing process of dental extraction. Chitosan is polymer composed N-acetyl-D-glucosamine unit that has been used in various applications

Intraoral periapical radiograph examination is the additional examination which is the most widely used in Dentistry. This radiograph examination using an x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET (Linear Energy Transfer), and may affect submandibular salivary gland. Ionizing radiation exposure can cause damage by inducing a series of changes at the molecular and cellular level. This study aimed to prove the effects of x-ray ionizing radiation with low LET towards the catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. The subjects were 28 male Wistar rats and divided into 4 groups (n=7). Three groups were exposed 4, 8 and 14 times to radiation with 0.002 µSv for each exposure. The catalase activity of each rat was examined by a spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test. The results showed the average of catalase activity on Wistar rat’s submandibular gland, respectively for: 0.150±0.0895 (KK), 0.1405±0.0607 (K1), 0.1228±0.0290 (K2), 0.1227±0.0556 (K3). Data showed significant differences of catalase activity between test groups, but showed not significant differences of catalase activity between each groups of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland. In this study concluded decreased catalase activity of Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar’s submandibular gland resulting from x-rays ionizing radiation by 4 times, 8 times and 14 times exposures.

<p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The traumatic ulcer is the most common oral soft tissue lesion that</em><em> cause physiologic dissorder (pain) in patients, so it need a medicine to improving healing processs.</em><em>Stichopus hermanii contains glycosaminoglyca</em><em>ns, omega-3 and other agents</em><em> that accelerate </em><em>wound</em><em> healing. Their influence againts </em><em>signaling cell for proliferation and angiogenic for healing procce. </em><em>Endoglin plays in a number of cellu- lar processes and the elevated expression during wound</em> healing.<em> <strong>Purpose: </strong>Knowing the effectivity of ethanol extract of Stichopus hermanii towards the </em><em>expression on </em><em>traumatic ulcer maturation phase in oral mucosa. </em><strong><em>Materials and Methods:</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><em>The research subjects were forty eight wistar rats divided into 6 groups. Traumatic ulcer was made in the center-rat’s-labial-mucosa. The X₁group was smeared with sterilized aquades as the control group. The X₂wassmeared with 0,2% hialuronic acid,  X₃ with 60% ethanol extract, and  X</em><em>₄</em><em> with 80% ethanol extract. They were smeared once a day during 4 days. On the sixth day, the rat’s labial mucosa was biopsied to make histological preparation in order to study the amount of fibroblast. <strong>Results: </strong>Kruskal-Wallis test showed </em><em>not</em><em> significant difference (p=0,000) after applying  Stichopus hermanii extract</em><em> for expression of endoglin in</em><em> <strong>Conclusions: </strong>ethanol extract</em><em>Stichpus hermanii</em><em> </em><em>not</em><em> effective </em><em>for expression of endoglin on </em><em> </em><em>traumatic ulcer </em><em>maturation phase </em><em>in healing procces</em><em>.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><strong> </strong><em>Stichopus hermanii, ulcer healing, </em><em>endoglin</em><em> and traumatic ulcer.</em></p><p><strong><em> <strong><em>Correspondence</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> </em></em></strong><em><em>Rima Parwati Sari, Bagian Biologi Oral, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah, Arif Rahman Hakim No. 150</em></em><em><em>,</em><em> Surabaya, Email: rima.sari@yahoo.com</em></em></p>

<p><strong><em>ABSTRACT</em></strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Background:</em></strong><em> </em><em>Candida albicans is normal flora of oral cavity that can be pathogenic due to predisposition influence so that trigger Oral candidiasis. Stichopus hermanii suspected as an Oral candidiasis therapy because it contain antioxidant compound, antitumor and antifungi. <strong>Objective:</strong> Analyzing the effectiveness of Stichopus hermanii supplementation as a </em><em>protective effect</em><em> of oral </em><em>candidiasis in Rats exposure to smoke. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> This experiment is post test only group control design using 35 male rats divided into 5 groups(X). X1 (negative control), X2 (positive control), X3 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,0225mg/kgBB), X4 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,045mg/kgBB), X5 (Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB). Candida albicans induced into the mouth by an oral swab using cotton bud 3 times a week for 8 weeks. Smoke exposure as a predisposition factor be given 3 bars per day for 8 weeks. The rats being killed and tongue biopsies measure the thickness of tongue epithelium. The obtained data analyzation using One Way ANOVA and LSD test. <strong>Result: </strong>There is a significant difference (p&lt;0.05) between X1 and X2, X1 and X3, X1 and X4, X1 and X5, X2 and X3, X2 and X4, X2 and X5, X3 and X5</em>.<em> <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Adduction of Stichopus hermanii capable of reducing risk of Oral candidiasis. Supplementation of Stichopus hermanii powder 0,09mg/kgBB is the most effective reduce thickness of the tongue epithelium in the group that exposure to smoke and induced of Candida albicans.</em></p><p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Stichopus hermanii, Oral candidiasis, Tongue, Candida albicans, Thickness of Epithelium</em><em> </em></p><p><em><strong>Correspondence</strong>: Endah Wahjuningsih, Laboratorium Biologi Oral Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Hang Tuah, Jl, Arif Rahman Hakim 150, Surabaya, Indonesia. Ph 031-5945864, fax: 031-5912191, e-mail address: endah1822@yahoo.com</em></p>

Abstract. Revianti S, Andriani D, Parisihni K, Wahjuningsih E, Widyastuti. 2020. Effectiveness of oral irrigation with an extract of green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata as an anti-inflammatory in rats infected with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Biodiversitas 21: 2977-2981. Aggressive periodontitis is strongly correlated with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a periodontopathic bacterium, which releases endotoxins and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS acts as a stimulus to a variety of host cells that can promote the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in periodontal disease. The marine green microalga Nannochloropsis oculata has anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory efficacy of oral irrigation with N. oculata extract against periodontitis induced by A. actinomycetemcomitans in a rat model. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups (n = 6). First control group was without any treatment, the second to fourth groups were infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans and then orally irrigated with N. oculata extract at concentrations of 2.375%, 2.5%, and 2.625%. The mandibles of the euthanized rats were hemisected to measure the expression of TNF-α, interleukin-10 (IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) by immunohistochemistry. The first group (control) showed significantly higher expression of TNF-α and significantly lower expression of IL-10 and OPG compared to the other groups. Oral irrigation with N. oculata extracts reduced the expression of TNF-α and enhanced the expression of IL-10 and OPG in rats infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. The effective concentration of N. oculata extract as an anti-inflammatory for oral irrigation was 2.375%.