An 11-year-old male Cocker Spaniel was examined for a palpable abdominal mass located in the jejunum after presenting with a history of anorexia and constipation for several weeks. In a contrast radiogram, a structure with well-defined borders adjacent to the intestine was determined. The intestinal mass, measuring 16 × 9.19 × 8.6 cm and weighing 900 g was surgically removed. At gross examination, when the lumen of a portion of the intestine excised together with the tumour mass was exposed, an ulcerated, oval-shaped area 1.2 × 0.6 cm in size was observed on the mucosa. The outer surface of the tumour was homogenous and expanded outwards from the intestinal wall. Histologically, the tumour was composed of fusiform-elongated spindle-shaped to polygonal neoplastic cells forming interlacing fascicles or interwoven bundles in an atypical herringbone pattern. Immnunohistochemically, neoplastic cells stained intensely positive for vimentin, and negative for α-SMA, desmin, cyotokeratin (AE1/AE3), S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, neuron specific enolase and synap-tophsin. On the basis of the histopathological and immunohistochemical results, the tumour was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma. The present report is a very rare description of fibrosarcoma of the dog intestine associated with intestinal perforation.

Objective:To estimate the relationship between cord blood bisphenol A (BPA) levels and anogenital measurements in healthy newborns.Methods:Pregnancy and birth history, together with body mass and length data, anogenital measurements, penile measurements and cord blood samples were obtained from healthy newborns. Cord blood concentration of BPA was analyzed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays kit.Results:Among 130 healthy newborns (72 boys, 58 girls), mean anopenile distance was 45.2±6 mm and anoscrotal distance was 21.9±5.4 mm in boys; mean anoclitoral distance was 33.8±6.6 mm and mean anofourchette distance was 12.2±4.9 mm in girls. Mean cord blood BPA level was 4.75±2.18 ng/mL. 90th percentile value for cord blood BPA was 8.26 ng/mL and the analysis showed a statistically significant correlation between anoscrotal distance and cord blood BPA levels above the 90th percentile (p=0.047) in boys. The changes in anogenital distance in girls were not statistically significant.Conclusion:We showed a significant association between high cord blood BPA levels and shortened anoscrotal distance in male newborns. However, this result should be interpreted with caution since there were no significant external genital abnormalities in our study group.

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BACKGROUNDThree-dimensional (3D) printing is currently being explored in various medical fields with promising results, and customized surgical instrument prototyping and production seems to be one of the promising approaches, particularly in pediatric surgery. This study aimed to test the possibility of desktop 3D printing of surgical instruments for use in pediatric surgery. MATERIAL and METHODSRoux retractor and infant laparoscopic trocar were designed using Solidworks 3D CAD software (Dassault Systemes, FR). Mechanical durability simulation tests were performed using Solidworks Simulation software. The instruments were printed in Ultimaker 2+ Extended 3D printer (Ultimaker, NL) using 2.85-mm polylactic acid filaments. RESULTSRoux retractor was designed in 15 min and printed in 90 min. Laparoscopic trocar was designed in 2 h and printed in 2 h. Application of 5-kilogram force (kgf) resulted only in 0.84-mm displacement in infant laparoscopic trocar. The 5 kgf applied to the Roux retractor's curved face caused 9.22-mm displacement. The laparoscopic trocars weighed 7.40±0.07 g, and Roux retractors weighed 12.50±0.04 g. The interior chamber of the 3D-printed laparoscopic trocars withstood a mean of 10±1.5 mmHg pressure without any obvious air leakage. Poststerilization culture results of all prototypes were proven to be sterile. CONCLUSION3D printing of surgical instruments is a promising field in pediatric surgery as it offers a great versatility regarding both design and production.

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Aim:To investigate the histopathologic changes in native bladder and gastrointestinal segment, the relation between histopathologic changes, type of operation and the period passed over operation in patients with bladder augmentation.Materials and methods:Twenty consecutive patients were enrolled in this study. Histopathologic evaluation of the cystoscopic mucosal biopsies from native bladder and enteric augment was performed in all patients.Results:Active or chronic non-specific inflammation of various degrees was found in all specimens except two. Metaplastic changes were detected in 3 patients. Two patients had squamous metaplasia (one focal, one extensive) and one patient had intestinal metaplasia. All metaplastic changes were found in native bladder specimens. The type of augmentation in patients with metaplastic changes were ileocystoplasty and sigmoidocystoplasty. No signs of malignancy were detected in any patient.Conclusion:The complexity of the disorders requiring bladder augmentation does not let the surgeons to draw a clear line between different groups of complications including malignancy formation. However, due to challenging course of the augmentation procedure itself, surgeons should be well aware of the possibility of malignancy development.

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Background: Tissue engineering mainly focuses on creating appropriate conditions for the regeneration of tissues. Scaffolds, signal molecules, and stem cells interact with each other and compose the essential components of this field.