Xylocarpus granatum, a common mangrove plant is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, cholera, fever, dyslipidemia, inflammation, etc. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract of X. Granatum by various in vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by in vitro human RBC membrane stabilizing assay and in vivo mice paw edema test. Ethanolic leaf extract (S2) of X. granatum showed significant scavenging effect on DPPH scavenging with a value of IC50 165.95µg/ml. In addition, it showed significant reducing potential with a value of 59.04 mM of ferrous equivalent per ml in FRAP assay and in reducing power assay the EC50 value was determined as 241.61μg/ml . The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited 72.3% β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract were 66μg/ml gallic acid equivalent and 47.66μg/ml quercetin equivalent per gram of dry extract, respectively. The extract also exhibited 52.63% and 51.05% protection of RBC membrane in hypotonicity and heat induced lysis inhibition, respectively. Significant reduction of mice paw edema (36.34% in 20 μg/kg bw concentration) was observed in the extract. The results revealed that the leaf extract of X. granatum possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 466–475, 2019
Background: Mangrove plants, often possessing a unique collection of metabolites, have extensively been used for the primary healthcare of coastal residents.
Objectives: To determine the safety level and enrich the scientific data, the present study aimed to investigate the toxicity of Avicennia officinalis and Excoecaria agallocha.
Methods: Ethanolic leaf and stem extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity by brine shrimp lethality assay. The obtained extracts were administered to Swiss albino in a single dose (200, 400, 800, 1600, & 3200 mg/kg body weight) by oral-gavage for acute toxicity assay. Furthermore, systematic observation was performed by close monitoring for any toxic manifestations and mortality after dosing for the first 4 h, at 24 h and twice daily for 6 days. Evaluating the adverse effects were estimated by comparing the test groups with the controls. After sacrificing all group animals, relative organ weight was measured and histopathological analysis was conducted.
Results: Having Lethal Concentration (LC50) of 44.66 µg/mL, E. agallocha leaf was found with the highest toxicity against brine shrimp nauplii. The toxicological study data demonstrated no death and noticeable change in behavioral patterns in the test mice groups, compared with the control group. Moreover, no significant (P>0.05) differences were found in body weight and relative organ weights, compared to the controls. The histological structures of the liver in the treated mice displayed regular tissue configurations similar to the control group.
Conclusion: In this study, the mice model exhibited no harmful effects; thus, the reported results indicated that the ethanolic extracts of leaf and stem of these two mangrove plants are safe for therapeutic use. Further long-term toxicological impact of the extracts should be determined for well-founded confirmation.
The aspiring prospect for bioactive metabolites has guided this very study to screen for antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of leaf, and bark extracts of Sundarbans mangrove plant, Sarcolobus globosus that might lead to novel drug, agrochemicals and neutraceuticals. Methanolic bark extract of S. globosus revealed the highest antioxidant properties among all the extracts in DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50:26.04 µg/ml), reducing efficiency (EC50:77.72 µg/ml), total phenolic content (47.25 ± 0.002mg GAE/g of extract), total flavonoid content (101 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g of extract) and total tannin content (93.5 ± 0.007 mg GAE/g of extract). Free radical scavenging activity and reducing power are significantly correlated with total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content. For evaluation of antibacterial activity, Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus megaterium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus sp.) and Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella paratyphi, Pseudomonas sp., and Proteus sp.) were used in disc diffusion bioassay. Both extracts possessed significant (P < 0.05) inhibition competency against most of the bacteria. Test for cytotoxic activity was carried out by means of brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the chloroformic bark extract demonstrated greater cytotoxicity (LC5019.487 µg/ml) than standard vincristine sulphate (LC50 26.68 µg/ml). Further exploration is required focusing especially the bark extract that could be utilized as source and template for the synthesis of new potential pharma and agrochemicals.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 476–482, 2019
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