Free radical production from different biological and environmental sources is due to an imbalance of natural antioxidants, which further leads to inflammation. Antioxidant metabolites are often characterized by anti-inflammatory and anticoagulation activity. Mangrove plants synthesize different classes of metabolites, including antioxidants, to minimize the devastating effect of oxidation resulting from the elevated salinity, UV, and other unique geochemical components. Accordingly, this study aimed at investigating the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties, as well as polyphenol content of the two selected mangrove plant species: Aegiceras corniculatum and Acanthus ilicifolius. We used the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, β-carotene-linoleic acid bleaching assay (BCB), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) to determine antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of A. corniculatum bark and leaves and A. ilicifolius leaves. Furthermore, human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assay, lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assay, and prothrombin time (PT) test were performed for determining anti-inflammatory activity of the samples. A. corniculatum bark is a potent antioxidant (IC50 20.49 ± 2.14 µg/mL in DPPH assay) with anti-inflammatory (IC50 23.58 ± 1.75 µg/mL in LOX inhibition assay) and anticoagulation activity (18.19 ± 0.13 min in prothrombin time assay) compared to other extracts. All extracts were found with significant (P<0.001) antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation properties. Further studies on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation are recommended.
Xylocarpus granatum, a common mangrove plant is traditionally used for the treatment of diarrhoea, cholera, fever, dyslipidemia, inflammation, etc. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the ethanolic extract of X. Granatum by various in vitro methods such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, reducing power assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching inhibition assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by in vitro human RBC membrane stabilizing assay and in vivo mice paw edema test. Ethanolic leaf extract (S2) of X. granatum showed significant scavenging effect on DPPH scavenging with a value of IC50 165.95µg/ml. In addition, it showed significant reducing potential with a value of 59.04 mM of ferrous equivalent per ml in FRAP assay and in reducing power assay the EC50 value was determined as 241.61μg/ml . The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited 72.3% β-carotene bleaching inhibition. The total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract were 66μg/ml gallic acid equivalent and 47.66μg/ml quercetin equivalent per gram of dry extract, respectively. The extract also exhibited 52.63% and 51.05% protection of RBC membrane in hypotonicity and heat induced lysis inhibition, respectively. Significant reduction of mice paw edema (36.34% in 20 μg/kg bw concentration) was observed in the extract. The results revealed that the leaf extract of X. granatum possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(4): 466–475, 2019
The plant (Xylocarpus mekongensis) of the Sundarbans mangrove origin was evaluated for its antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant properties using methanolic and chloroformic leaf, stem and bark extracts, respectively. The methanolic extracts contained higher amount of total phenolics, flavonoids, tannins than the chloroformic extracts and the result was in correlation with their ferric reducing power ability as well. However, the chloroformic bark extract contained more potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity than others. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined against both Gram-positive (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella paratyphi) by disc diffusion assay and their zone of inhibitions (ZOI) were measured. Moreover, their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by tube dilution method. Chloroformic bark and stem extracts showed strong inhibition to growth of P. aeruginosa (ZOI = 19 mm and MIC = 150 µg/ml) and S. aureus (ZOI = 19.5 mm and MIC = 250 µg/ml), respectively. All six extracts were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay for possible measure of cytotoxicity. Concentration dependent increment in percentage mortality of brine Shrimp nauplii produced by the extracts indicated the presence of cytotoxic principles in these extractives. Therefore, Xylocarpus mekongensis showed antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities.
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