Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. In Egypt, FMD has been enzootic since the 1950s and caused great economic losses in cattle and buffalos over the past few years. This study aimed to detect FMD virus (FMDV) in serum and raw milk samples collected from infected and adjacent cattle and buffalos from different localities in El Menofia Governorate, Egypt.Materials and Methods: Blood and milk samples were collected from apparently diseased and adjacent 100 cows and 100 buffalos. Serum samples were prepared and used for the detection of FMDV using a non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used for the detection of FMDV in milk samples. Reproductive hormones were estimated using radioimmunoassay kits. Milk constituents were determined by Lactoscan.Results: Of the 200 examined serum samples (100 cows and 100 buffalos), 56% and 44% were seropositive for FMDV non-structural protein antibodies in cattle and buffalo, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that all examined milk samples collected from seropositive animals were positive for FMDV. Estrogen and progesterone levels in the serum of seropositive and seronegative animals were measured, and FMDV was proven to significantly elevate estrogen and reduce progesterone levels in both non-pregnant and pregnant animals during different stages of pregnancy. The effect of the virus on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) was also studied, revealing that FMDV infection significantly decreased the level of milk fat, protein, and lactose but did not significantly affected minerals, pH, and conductivity. Moreover, it significantly increased the SCC. Conclusion:Data recorded in this study indicates a widespread occurrence of FMDV in cattle and buffalo all over Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Infected raw milk is of poor quality and, if put for commercial sale, may have health risks for consumers and play a significant role in spreading the virus. Moreover, FMDV may disturb some reproductive hormones, which could adversely affect cattle and buffalo productivity. Therefore, preventive programs and accurate diagnosis are essential for successful disease control.

Aim: In this study, laboratory scoping on the viruses that cause peste des petits ruminants (PPR), bluetongue (BT), and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) was performed to evaluate the current status of animals illegally introduced into Egypt. This study aims to help control these infectious illnesses and tries to prevent the introduction of other strains of these three viruses to Egypt, as these illnesses spread quickly if not controlled. Materials and Methods: In the year 2018, 62 serum samples were collected and serologically tested through competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) kits to detect antibodies against PPR, BT, and FMD, which are three important transboundary infectious illnesses. Results: The results indicated that 60 out of 62 serum samples were positive for PPR antibodies (96.7%), 31 out of 62 were positive for FMD antibodies (50%), and 59 out of 62 serum samples were positive for BT antibodies (95%). Conclusion: This study revealed that PPR, FMD, and BT can be introduced into Egypt through the illegal introduction of sheep and goat from neighboring countries. Laboratory diagnostic abilities should be improved for the early detection and control of these illnesses.

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Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) is responsible for different clinical findings in cattle including tracheitis, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, vulvovaginitis, balanoposthitis, abortion, infertility, encephalitis and fatal disease in newly born calves, and causes high economic losses. The present study was carried out for diagnosis of BoHV-1from clinically suspected cattle in El Menoufiya governorate, Egypt during the period from September 2021 until December 2021. A total of 50 field samples including swabs (n= 35) and internal organs (n= 15) collected from clinically suspected cattle were isolated on cell culture of Madian Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) cell line. The isolates were identified using Antigen detection Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Out of 50 tested samples, 30 samples Produce CPE on MDBK cells by third passage. The ELISA only identified BoHV-1 in 20 tissue culture isolates and confirmed by the PCR amplicon of 575 bp targeting Glycoprotein C gene. it was concluded that, isolation, antigen detection ELISA and conventional PCR based on the Glycoprotein C (gC) were efficient for the identification of BoHV-1virus. This indicates circulation of BoHV-1 on Menoufiya governorate and directed toward application of control measures.