Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in raw milk in Menofia Governorate and its effect on reproductive hormones and physiochemical properties of milk

Abstract

Background and Aim: Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious viral disease that affects domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals. In Egypt, FMD has been enzootic since the 1950s and caused great economic losses in cattle and buffalos over the past few years. This study aimed to detect FMD virus (FMDV) in serum and raw milk samples collected from infected and adjacent cattle and buffalos from different localities in El Menofia Governorate, Egypt.Materials and Methods: Blood and milk samples were collected from apparently diseased and adjacent 100 cows and 100 buffalos. Serum samples were prepared and used for the detection of FMDV using a non-structural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was used for the detection of FMDV in milk samples. Reproductive hormones were estimated using radioimmunoassay kits. Milk constituents were determined by Lactoscan.Results: Of the 200 examined serum samples (100 cows and 100 buffalos), 56% and 44% were seropositive for FMDV non-structural protein antibodies in cattle and buffalo, respectively. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that all examined milk samples collected from seropositive animals were positive for FMDV. Estrogen and progesterone levels in the serum of seropositive and seronegative animals were measured, and FMDV was proven to significantly elevate estrogen and reduce progesterone levels in both non-pregnant and pregnant animals during different stages of pregnancy. The effect of the virus on milk composition and somatic cell count (SCC) was also studied, revealing that FMDV infection significantly decreased the level of milk fat, protein, and lactose but did not significantly affected minerals, pH, and conductivity. Moreover, it significantly increased the SCC. Conclusion:Data recorded in this study indicates a widespread occurrence of FMDV in cattle and buffalo all over Menofia Governorate, Egypt. Infected raw milk is of poor quality and, if put for commercial sale, may have health risks for consumers and play a significant role in spreading the virus. Moreover, FMDV may disturb some reproductive hormones, which could adversely affect cattle and buffalo productivity. Therefore, preventive programs and accurate diagnosis are essential for successful disease control.

Evaluation of Artificial Insemination Success of Crossbred Friesian Holstein Cow After Foot and Mouth Disease Outbreak

“…The significant decrease in CR at T2 was probably due to embryonic death due to low levels of progesterone hormone after contracting FMD. According to Shaban et al (2022) FMD was proven to reduce progesterone levels in the blood of dairy cows. Progesterone hormone is produced by the corpus luteum which functions to help maintain a thick, nutrientrich uterine endometrial lining to support embryo growth (Lonergan et al, 2016).…”

“…FMD-infected cows showed increased estrogen levels and decreased progesterone levels compared to non-FMD-infected cows. This indicates that FMD infection affects the balance of reproductive hormones in cattle, which has an impact on their reproduction and reproductive health (Shaban et al, 2022). According to Ferreira et al (2016) the negative impact of the FMD vaccine is delayed ovulation and abortion.…”

“…Clinically, FMD-infected cattle are characterized by fever, excessive salivation, difficulty moving or standing, depression, and the appearance of vesicles around the mouth, feet and mammary glands. Furthermore, cows can experience lameness, decreased milk production, weight loss, and possibly even death (Shaban et al, 2022). However, mortality is higher in young cattle (Grubman and Baxt, 2004).…”

Conception rate of artificial insemination using sexed frozen semen with albumin sedimentation method on Friesian Holstein cow

“…In contrast, the implementation of sexing AI was carried out after FMD recovery. [32] stated that foot and mouth disease has a negative effect, which can interfere with several reproductive hormones, which can harm cow productivity.…”

Impact of grazing around industrial areas on milk heavy metals contamination and reproductive ovarian hormones of she-camel with assessment of some technological processes on reduction of toxic residue concentrations

“…Numerous dairy animals, including buffalo, cattle, goats, sheep, and camels, are utilized as the main supply of milk [ 1 ]. Because of their inherent qualities and the health advantages of their milk, camels are regarded as one of the most significant animals [ 2 ].…”