Neste artigo, realizou-se uma revisão da literatura sobre mortalidade perinatal com maior enfoque na evitabilidade desses óbitos. Foram pesquisadas, sobretudo, publicações da década de 90 nas bases Medline e Lilacs (América Latina e Caribe). Discutiram-se as dificuldades para a realização de estudos nesta área, ainda em número restrito no Brasil, em decorrência do grande subregistro de óbitos fetais e da má qualidade da informação nas declarações de óbitos. Foram apresentadas as principais propostas de classificação dos óbitos perinatais baseadas em enfoque de evitabilidade, com destaque para a classificação de Wigglesworth. Nesta abordagem, os óbitos perinatais foram relacionados a momentos específicos da assistência, sendo evidenciadas as possibilidades de sua prevenção. Recomenda-se o enfoque de evitabilidade para a abordagem da mortalidade perinatal no Brasil, dado que as taxas são ainda elevadas, a maioria dos óbitos é considerada evitável e poderia ser prevenida com a melhoria da assistência pré-natal, ao parto e ao recém-nascido, não apenas quanto à sua resolubilidade clínica, mas também à organização da assistência em sistemas hierarquizados e regionalizados, assegurando o acesso da gestante e do recém-nascido em tempo oportuno a serviços de qualidade.

ObjectiveVerbal autopsy (VA) is a systematic approach for determining causes of death (CoD) in populations without routine medical certification. It has mainly been used in research contexts and involved relatively lengthy interviews. Our objective here is to describe the process used to shorten, simplify, and standardise the VA process to make it feasible for application on a larger scale such as in routine civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) systems.MethodsA literature review of existing VA instruments was undertaken. The World Health Organization (WHO) then facilitated an international consultation process to review experiences with existing VA instruments, including those from WHO, the Demographic Evaluation of Populations and their Health in Developing Countries (INDEPTH) Network, InterVA, and the Population Health Metrics Research Consortium (PHMRC). In an expert meeting, consideration was given to formulating a workable VA CoD list [with mapping to the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) CoD] and to the viability and utility of existing VA interview questions, with a view to undertaking systematic simplification.FindingsA revised VA CoD list was compiled enabling mapping of all ICD-10 CoD onto 62 VA cause categories, chosen on the grounds of public health significance as well as potential for ascertainment from VA. A set of 221 indicators for inclusion in the revised VA instrument was developed on the basis of accumulated experience, with appropriate skip patterns for various population sub-groups. The duration of a VA interview was reduced by about 40% with this new approach.ConclusionsThe revised VA instrument resulting from this consultation process is presented here as a means of making it available for widespread use and evaluation. It is envisaged that this will be used in conjunction with automated models for assigning CoD from VA data, rather than involving physicians.

The risk of death has been halved across the country, but states in the lower SDI tertile had less significant reductions (-1.23 and -1.84% a year) compared to the middle tertile (-1.94 and -2.22%) and the upper tertile (-2.85 and -2.82%) for men and women, respectively. The years lived with disability also presented a reduction among states, but less expressively. Conclusion: Despite the reduction of age-adjusted mortality rates throughout the country, cerebrovascular disease still presents a high disease burden, especially in states with lower socioeconomic development.

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Estudo de base populacional para determinar perfis de óbitos neonatais precoces ocorridos em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2000 a 2003. A definição dos perfis de causas amplia possibilidade de análise sob enfoque de evitabilidade, justificada pela persistência de altas taxas de mortalidade neonatal precoce. Três perfis foram gerados, a partir do enfoque de causas múltiplas, sob a perspectiva dos conjuntos nebulosos ("fuzzy sets"), utilizando-se técnica Grade of Membership. Relacionaram-se esses perfis ao peso de nascimento e a natureza jurídica do hospital de ocorrência do óbito. Nos hospitais da rede privada ocorreram "óbitos dificilmente preveníveis, com menção de malformação congênita" (perfil 2). Aos hospitais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) associaram-se dois perfis distintos. Nos hospitais contratados/conveniados ocorreram os "óbitos passíveis de prevenção" (perfil 1) e na rede própria os "óbitos de prematuros" (perfil 3). A tipologia observada aponta para necessidade de adoção de políticas diferenciadas na rede SUS: prioritariamente, na rede contratada/conveniada, ações voltadas para credenciamento e avaliação da qualidade da assistência; e, em toda rede, adoção rotineira de protocolos assistenciais e medidas profiláticas, redutores da morbimortalidade neonatal.

Objective: to identify the risk factors for postneonatal infant mortality caused by diarrhea and pneumonia in relation to the quality of medical assistance.Methods: population-based case-control study of 277 postneonatal infant deaths caused by diarrhea and pneumonia occurring in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, between May/1991 and April/1992. The cases were compared with hospitalized controls, and matched by pathology, age and hospital. Information on cases and controls were collected from medical records and through home interviews. Some variables related to the quality of medical care were analyzed. McNemar test and conditional logistic regression were used to define the risk factors for postneonatal deaths.Results: multiple logistic regression analysis showed the following factors independently associated with increased risk of postneonatal death induced by diarrhea and pneumonia: delayed immunization (OR = 2.48; 95%CI=1.17-5.23), general status (serious) on hospital admission (OR=10.94; 95%CI=4.91-24.34), unaccomplished hospital procedures (OR=10.08; 95%CI = 3.55-20.59) and malnutrition on hospital admission (OR=3.58; 95%CI=1.42-9.07).Conclusions: the results indicate the low quality of medical assistance as an important risk factor for avoidable causes of postneonatal deaths. The authors highlight the lack of integration between the outpatient clinic and hospital activities as an important determinant of low quality. It is necessary that the performance of health services and their effect on avoidable infant mortality be widely discussed, also taking into consideration the preponderant role of socioeconomic variables J Pediatr (Rio J) 2001; 77 (6): 461-8: infant mortality, postneonatal mortality, medical assistance. ResumoObjetivo: identificar os fatores de risco para a mortalidade infantil pós-neonatal por diarréia e pneumonia relacionados à qualidade da assistência médica.Métodos: estudo tipo caso-controle, de base populacional, de 277 óbitos infantis pós-neonatais por diarréia e pneumonia ocorridos na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, entre maio de 1991 a abril de 1992. Os casos foram comparados com controles hospitalares, emparelhados por patologia, idade e hospital. As informações sobre casos e controles foram coletadas através de prontuários médicos e entrevistas domiciliares, sendo analisadas algumas variá-veis relacionadas à qualidade da assistência médica. Utilizou-se o teste de McNemar e o método de regressão logística condicional para a definição dos fatores de risco para o óbito.Resultados: a regressão logística multivariada mostrou os seguintes fatores independentemente associados a maior risco de óbito pós-neonatal por diarréia e pneumonia: atraso vacinal (OR= 2,48; IC95%=1,17-5,23), estado geral (grave) à admissão hospitalar (OR=10,94; IC95%=4,34), não realização de procedimentos hospitalares (OR=10,08; IC95%= 3,59) e desnutrição presente no momento da internação (OR=3,58; IC95%=1,42-9,07).Conclusões: os resultados indicam a baixa qualidade da assistência médic...

Objectives: To identify clinical characteristics indicative of dengue and to evaluate the applicability to children of the Health Ministry criteria for suspected cases. Methods:A cross-sectional study undertaken at the General Pediatrics Center of the Fundação Hospitalar de Minas Gerais. Children were enrolled if presenting acute febrile conditions with no definite etiology, lasting > 24 hours and < 7 days and if resident in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte. Clinical variables were investigated, specific tests were performed and aspartate-aminotransferase assayed, during a period considered both endemic and epidemic for the disease. The subset of children who did have dengue was compared with the subset of nonspecific acute febrile diseases. The Health Ministry criteria for suspected cases was evaluated.Results: Dengue was diagnosed in 50.4% of the 117 children studied. There were no statistically significant associations between the disease and the majority of the symptoms analyzed. Only exanthema was more often associated with dengue (Prevalence Ratio = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.05-2.11). The criteria for suspected cases of dengue had a sensitivity of just 50.8% and a positive predictive value of 62.5%. These values were greater among schoolchildren and during the period of greater disease incidence. Conclusions:Dengue is common among febrile diseases of childhood, with prevalence that varies according to the epidemiological situation. The clinical status of children with dengue was very similar to that of children with other nonspecific diseases. The Health Ministry criteria for suspected cases were shown to be of little use, particularly with smaller children and during periods of reduced incidence.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2005;81(3):209-15: Dengue/diagnosis, fever, signs and symptoms, child, preschool, exanthema.

Objective In Brazil, it was previously reported that in hospital perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality rates are higher for hospitals contracted to the National Public Health System (SUS) compared with non-SUS hospitals. We analyse whether this reflects a compositional effect (selection of patients) or a contextual effect.Design Population-based cohort study.Setting Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1999.Population A total of 36 469 births in 24 hospitals.Methods A multilevel analysis was carried out using information gathered at the individual level on maternal education (used as an indicator of socio-economic status), maternal age, type of pregnancy and delivery, birthweight and sex of the fetus.Main outcome measure Perinatal death.Results Risk factors for perinatal death included male sex (OR = 1.25; 95% CI 1.01-1.55), birthweight of 1500-2500 g (OR = 7.65; 95% CI 5.74-10.20), birthweight of 500-1500 g (OR = 187.54; 95% CI 141.31-248.39), less than 4 years of maternal education (OR = 2.93; 95% CI 1.68-5.10), as well as birth at private-SUS (OR = 2.92; 95% CI 1.87-4.54) or philanthropic-SUS hospitals (OR = 1.81; 95% CI 1.12-2.92). After controlling for individual characteristics, there was still a significant variation in perinatal deaths between hospitals categories.Conclusion Independent of compositional (or individual) characteristics, hospital factors exert an influence on the risk of perinatal death, primarily hospital category related to SUS. Considering the highest proportion of births in SUS hospitals in Brazil, especially private-SUS hospitals, improving hospital quality of care is an urgent priority for reducing the toll of perinatal and infant mortality, as well as inequalities in these outcomes.