Artigo originAl Apresentação do plano de ações estratégicas para o enfrentamento das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis no Brasil, 2011 a 2022Endereço para correspondência:
As causas de mortes evitáveis ou reduzíveis são definidas como aquelas preveníveis, total ou parcialmente, por ações efetivas dos serviços de saúde que estejam acessíveis em um determinado local e época. Essas causas devem ser revisadas à luz da evolução do conhecimento e tecnologia para prática da atenção à saúde. Portanto, este estudo está fundamentado em uma revisão da literatura referente à base conceitual e empírica das listas de causas de morte evitáveis, publicadas entre 1975 e 2004, e nas reflexões de um grupo de trabalho organizado pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. O artigo propõe duas listas brasileiras desses eventos-para menores de cinco anos; e para pessoas com cinco ou mais anos de idade-, tendo por referência a tecnologia disponível no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Embora esse debate se encontre em estágio inicial, seu aprofundamento parece promissor para o desenvolvimento metodológico do monitoramento e avaliação de desempenho da atenção à saúde no Brasil. Palavras-chave: causas de morte evitáveis; desempenho dos serviços de saúde; evitabilidade; mortes em menores de cinco anos de idade.
ResumoO Brasil, ao seguir a tendência mundial, tem passado por processos de transição demográfica, epidemiológica e nutricional desde a década de 60, resultando em alterações nos padrões de ocorrência de patologias, como um aumento significativo da prevalência das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT). Visando responder a esse quadro desafiador, o Ministério da Saúde organizou a vigilância de DCNT. O presente artigo realiza uma revisão e descrição das principais ações na implantação do sistema nacional de vigilância e prevenção de DCNT. As principais ações estratégicas colocadas em prática foram: organização de área específica na Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde, a Coordenação-Geral de Doenças e Agravos Não Transmissíveis (DANT); indução de ações de vigilância de DANT em Secretarias de Estado e Municipais de Saúde; definição de indicadores de monitoramento dessas ações na Programação Pactuada Integrada (PPI) de vigilância em saúde; capacitação de recursos humanos; realização de inquérito para conhecer a prevalência de fatores de risco em 15 capitais e no Distrito Federal em 2003, estabelecendo uma linha de base para o monitoramento; definição de indicadores padronizados para monitoramento das doenças e fatores de risco e proteção; advocacy junto a gestores de saúde com o propósito de recomendar as ações para DANT como uma prioridade do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS); apoio a pesquisas para ampliar o conhecimento do problema e definir estratégias para sua condução; e realização de seminário nacional para a pactuação da agenda de prioridades da área.Palavras-chave: vigilância de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis; doenças transmissíveis; fatores de risco e proteção. Summary Brazil, following the world´s trend, has been going through processes of demographic, epidemiological and nutritional transitions since the sixties, causing changes in the patterns of pathologic emergences, as a meaningful increase in the prevalence of chronic non-transmitted diseases (DCNT). Aiming to give a response to this challenge scene, the Brazilian Ministry of Health organized the DCNT surveillance. This article accomplishes a revision of the main actions implan-
Este trabalho caracteriza a linha do cuidado (LC) segundo as perspectivas micro e macropolíticas ou de gestão. Toma-se o exemplo das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT), pela sua magnitude, e suas características: doença de longa duração, demandando intensa atuação de cuidadores, projetos terapêuticos, acesso aos serviços e ações integradas. O trabalho discute a perspectiva da LC centrada no campo de necessidades dos usuários e pressupõe a existência do cuidador, uso da tecnologia leve, projeto terapêutico adequado, existência da rede de serviços que suporte as ações necessárias, o acesso aos recursos assistenciais disponíveis, além da atuação nos determinantes sociais e no processo regulatório. Discute-se o desenvolvimento de políticas de promoção, prevenção, vigilância e assistência de DCNT, articulando ações no campo da micropolítica e macropolítica, integrando intervenção nos determinantes sociais, legislação, tecnologias e instrumentos.
Background National rates of COVID-19 infection and fatality have varied dramatically since the onset of the pandemic. Understanding the conditions associated with this cross-country variation is essential to guiding investment in more effective preparedness and response for future pandemics. MethodsDaily SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19 deaths for 177 countries and territories and 181 subnational locations were extracted from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation's modelling database. Cumulative infection rate and infection-fatality ratio (IFR) were estimated and standardised for environmental, demographic, biological, and economic factors. For infections, we included factors associated with environmental seasonality (measured as the relative risk of pneumonia), population density, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, proportion of the population living below 100 m, and a proxy for previous exposure to other betacoronaviruses. For IFR, factors were age distribution of the population, mean body-mass index (BMI), exposure to air pollution, smoking rates, the proxy for previous exposure to other betacoronaviruses, population density, age-standardised prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer, and GDP per capita. These were standardised using indirect age standardisation and multivariate linear models. Standardised national cumulative infection rates and IFRs were tested for associations with 12 pandemic preparedness indices, seven health-care capacity indicators, and ten other demographic, social, and political conditions using linear regression. To investigate pathways by which important factors might affect infections with SARS-CoV-2, we also assessed the relationship between interpersonal and governmental trust and corruption and changes in mobility patterns and COVID-19 vaccination rates. Findings The factors that explained the most variation in cumulative rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection between Jan 1, 2020, and Sept 30, 2021, included the proportion of the population living below 100 m (5•4% [4•0-7•9] of variation), GDP per capita (4•2% [1•8-6•6] of variation), and the proportion of infections attributable to seasonality (2•1% [95% uncertainty interval 1•7-2•7] of variation). Most cross-country variation in cumulative infection rates could not be explained. The factors that explained the most variation in COVID-19 IFR over the same period were the age profile of the country (46•7% [18•4-67•6] of variation), GDP per capita (3•1% [0•3-8•6] of variation), and national mean BMI (1•1% [0•2-2•6] of variation). 44•4% (29•2-61•7) of cross-national variation in IFR could not be explained. Pandemic-preparedness indices, which aim to measure health security capacity, were not meaningfully associated with standardised infection rates or IFRs. Measures of trust in the government and interpersonal trust, as well as less government corruption, had larger, statistically significant associations with lower standardised infection rates. High levels of government and interpersonal trust, as wel...
ImportanceSome individuals experience persistent symptoms after initial symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection (often referred to as Long COVID).ObjectiveTo estimate the proportion of males and females with COVID-19, younger or older than 20 years of age, who had Long COVID symptoms in 2020 and 2021 and their Long COVID symptom duration.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsBayesian meta-regression and pooling of 54 studies and 2 medical record databases with data for 1.2 million individuals (from 22 countries) who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Of the 54 studies, 44 were published and 10 were collaborating cohorts (conducted in Austria, the Faroe Islands, Germany, Iran, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US). The participant data were derived from the 44 published studies (10 501 hospitalized individuals and 42 891 nonhospitalized individuals), the 10 collaborating cohort studies (10 526 and 1906), and the 2 US electronic medical record databases (250 928 and 846 046). Data collection spanned March 2020 to January 2022.ExposuresSymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProportion of individuals with at least 1 of the 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in 2020 and 2021, estimated separately for hospitalized and nonhospitalized individuals aged 20 years or older by sex and for both sexes of nonhospitalized individuals younger than 20 years of age.ResultsA total of 1.2 million individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection were included (mean age, 4-66 years; males, 26%-88%). In the modeled estimates, 6.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2.4%-13.3%) of individuals who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced at least 1 of the 3 Long COVID symptom clusters in 2020 and 2021, including 3.2% (95% UI, 0.6%-10.0%) for persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings, 3.7% (95% UI, 0.9%-9.6%) for ongoing respiratory problems, and 2.2% (95% UI, 0.3%-7.6%) for cognitive problems after adjusting for health status before COVID-19, comprising an estimated 51.0% (95% UI, 16.9%-92.4%), 60.4% (95% UI, 18.9%-89.1%), and 35.4% (95% UI, 9.4%-75.1%), respectively, of Long COVID cases. The Long COVID symptom clusters were more common in women aged 20 years or older (10.6% [95% UI, 4.3%-22.2%]) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection than in men aged 20 years or older (5.4% [95% UI, 2.2%-11.7%]). Both sexes younger than 20 years of age were estimated to be affected in 2.8% (95% UI, 0.9%-7.0%) of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. The estimated mean Long COVID symptom cluster duration was 9.0 months (95% UI, 7.0-12.0 months) among hospitalized individuals and 4.0 months (95% UI, 3.6-4.6 months) among nonhospitalized individuals. Among individuals with Long COVID symptoms 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, an estimated 15.1% (95% UI, 10.3%-21.1%) continued to experience symptoms at 12 months.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study presents modeled estimates of the proportion of individuals with at least 1 of 3 self-reported Long COVID symptom clusters (persistent fatigue with bodily pain or mood swings; cognitive problems; or ongoing respiratory problems) 3 months after symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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