RESUMOA indústria leiteira atravessa um período de intensas transformações em sua estrutura, e a qualidade do leite é uma das principais exigências. A correta adoção de medidas de higiene adequadas na produção, armazenamento e transporte do leite podem prevenir a contaminação de microrganismos psicrotróficos que representam um grave problema econômico para a indústria de laticínios. Desta forma, este estudo realizou-se com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes técnicas profiláticas de higiene e limpeza, durante o manejo de produção, na qualidade microbiológica de leite através da contagem de bactérias psicrotróficas. As técnicas profiláticas foram avaliadas envolvendo quatro propriedades produtoras de leite. Tais técnicas foram testadas antes, durante e após a ordenha para a adoção de práticas de higiene e limpeza de utensílios e equipamentos, dos operadores/ordenhadores, do ambiente de ordenha e do manejo dos animais. Em cada propriedade foi coletada uma amostra controle, antes da adoção das profilaxias, e posteriormente amostras periódicas de quatro ordenhas. Com base no questionário aplicado, constatou-se que em todas as propriedades havia falhas nos procedimentos de higiene e limpeza e ocorrência de muitos animais com mastite sub-clínica. Concluiu-se que após a adoção das técnicas de profilaxias, ocorreram diminuições significativas na contagem de bactérias psicrotróficas do leite em todas as propriedades rurais estudadas, comprovando a importância das práticas preventivas de higiene e limpeza sobre a qualidade microbiológica do leite. Termos para indexação:Qualidade do leite; bactérias psicrotróficas; profilaxia. ABSTRACTThe milk industry lives a time of strong transformations in your structure, and the quality of the milk is one of the most important demands. The correct adoption of appropriate hygiene measures in the production, storage and transport of the milk can prevent the contamination of psichrotrofics microorganisms that represents a serious economical problem for the industry of dairy products. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of the adoption of different preventive techniques of hygiene and cleaning, during the production handling, in the microbiological quality of milk measured for the count of psichrotrofics bacteria. The preventive techniques were appraised involving four farms milk producers. Such techniques were tested before, during and after the milk round to get being hygiene practices and cleaning of: utensils and equipments; operators / milks-man; environment of milk round; and handling of the animals. In each farm a sample was collected for control, before the adoption of the prophylaxes, and later four periodic samples were collected. Based in the applied questionnaire, it could be verified that happened flaws in the hygiene and cleaning procedures in all the farms and a lot of cows was diseased with sub-clinic infection. It was conclude that after the adoption of the techniques of prophylaxes all the farms shown significant decreases in t...

Seventy-two pigs of three genetic groups (Brazilian indigenous breed Piau, Commercial line and Crossbred) of both sexes were slaughtered at four live weights (30, 60, 90 and 120 kg). Intramuscular fat (IMF) content in Longissimus dorsi muscle of each animal was extracted and correlated with candidate gene mRNA expression (ATN1, EEF1A2, FABP3, LDLR, MGP, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1). Within slaughter weight of 120 kg, Piau and Crossbred pigs showed higher IMF content (p < 0.05) than commercial animals, with 2.48, 2.08 and 1.00% respectively. Barrows presented higher values of IMF (p < 0.05) than gilts (1.54 and 1.30% respectively). Gene expression of EEF1A2, FABP3, LDLR, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1 were correlated with IMF (p < 0.05) using the whole dataset. For Piau data only, expression of FABP3, LDLR, MGP, OBSCN, PDHB, TRDN and RYR1 showed correlation with IMF (p < 0.05). Genes that have important roles in lipid transportation inside the cell (FABP3) and tissues (LDLR) showed correlation with IMF of, respectively, 0.68 and 0.63 using the whole data set, and 0.90 and 0.91 using data from Piau animals. The highly positive correlation of the LDLR and FAPB3 expression with IMF content may confirm that these genes are important for fat deposition in the porcine L. dorsi muscle.

With the goal of developing and characterizing the nutritional and sensory aspects of fresh pasta supplemented with tilapia protein concentrate, four types of pasta were prepared, with inclusion of 0, 10, 20, or 30% of tilapia protein concentrate. Linear effects were observed (P < 0.01) in crude protein, total lipids, ash, carbohydrate, and caloric values; these parameters increased with increasing amounts of tilapia protein concentrate in the pasta. The concentration of Na, P, Ca, Mg, and Zn increased linearly (P < 0.01) in correlation with the increase in protein concentrate content, while Fe content decreased linearly (P < 0.01). In the sensory analysis, texture, overall impression, and the acceptance index demonstrated a cubic regression (P < 0.05), with the inclusion of 20% protein concentrate yielding the best scores. Including up to 30% of tilapia protein concentrate in pasta yields an increased nutritional value, but based on the sensory results, 20% of tilapia protein concentrate in pasta is the recommended maximum level.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo estimar o balanço energético para a produção do feno de alfafa a partir de dados coletados durante sete anos em um Sistema

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat stress and methionine supplementation on the gene expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone receptor (GHR), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, and regulatory 1 (PI3KR1) in the liver, as well as the expression of the atrogin 1 and cathepsin L2 (CTSL2) genes in the breast muscle of broilers. Broilers from 1–21 and 22–42 days of age were divided into three treatments related to methionine supplementation as follows: without methionine supplementation (MD), recommended level of methionine (DL1), and excess supplementation of methionine (DL2). The animals were either maintained at a thermal comfort temperature or exposed to heat stress (HS) (38°C for 24 hours, starting on day 20 or day 41 for experiments 1 and 2, respectively). The heat stress increased the body temperature at both ages. Starter period: The HS animals presented increased plasma creatinine content (P<0.0001) and the highest CTSL2 gene expression (P<0.0001). The methionine supplementation increased the IGF-I (P = 0.0144) and GHR (P = 0.0011) gene expression and decreased the CTSL2 (P = 0.0004) and atrogin 1 (P = 0.0012) gene expression. Grower period: Significant effects for the interaction between supplementation and environment were observed for GHR (P = 0.0252) and CTSL2 (P = 0.0011) gene expression. The highest GHR expression was observed in animals that remained in thermal comfort on the DL2 diet, and the lowest expression occurred in the HS animals fed the MD diet. For CTSL2, the HS animals fed the MD diet presented the highest CTSL2 gene expression, and the lowest expression was observed in the animals maintained at thermal comfort on DL1 and DL2 diets. Only methionine supplementation had effect on atrogin-1 gene expression (P<0.0001), with higher methionine content in the diet lower atrogin-1 gene expression was observed. Our results suggest that heat stress induces greater protein degradation and that methionine supplementation could induce protein deposition because methionine increased the expression of genes related to protein synthesis and decreased the expression of genes related to protein breakdown.

RESUMO - O efeito da temperatura ambiente sobre desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com dieta controlada e dois níveis de energia metabolizável foi avaliado. Cento e sessenta frangos de corte machos Hubbard, de 21 dias de idade, com 791+4,12 g de peso médio inicial, foram alojados em ambiente com temperatura termoneutra (23,3±0,58ºC) ou quente (32,3±0,31ºC) até 42 dias de idade. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (nível de energia metabolizável [3075 e 3300 kcal de EM/kg] e temperatura ambiente [termoneutro e calor]), com cinco repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. As aves receberam iguais quantidades de ração nos dois ambientes. Ganho de peso e conversão alimentar foram influenciados negativamente pelo calor. Embora os pesos absolutos da carcaça e dos cortes (coxa, sobrecoxa, pernas e peito) e o rendimento de peito dos frangos mantidos sob estresse de calor tenham reduzido, o rendimento de carcaça aumentou. Os pesos, absoluto e relativo, das penas foram menores para os animais mantidos no calor. Os pesos, absoluto e relativo, da gordura abdominal foram maiores para os frangos de corte criados no calor. A alta temperatura ambiente reduziu os pesos, absoluto e relativo, de coração, fígado, moela e intestinos, entretanto, o peso relativo dos pulmões e do proventrículo não foi influenciado. O estresse de calor influenciou negativamente o desempenho, reduziu o rendimento de peito e o peso de órgãos vitais, bem como aumentou a gordura abdominal de frangos de corte, independente do nível energético da ração.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of heat stress (HS) and methionine supplementation on the markers of stress and on the gene expression levels of uncoupling proteins (UCP), betaine -homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT), cystathionine b-synthase (CBS), glutathione synthetase (GSS) and glutathione peroxidase 7 (GPx7). Broilers from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 42 d of age were divided into three treatment groups related to methionine supplementation: without methionine supplementation (MD); recommended level of methionine supplementation (DL1); excess methionine supplementation (DL2). The broilers were either kept at a comfortable thermal temperature or exposed to HS (388C for 24 h). During the starter period, we observed the effects of the interaction between diet and environment on the gene expression levels of UCP, BHMT and GSS. Higher gene expression levels of UCP and BHMT were observed in broilers that were maintained at thermal comfort conditions and received the MD diet. HS broilers fed the DL1 and DL2 diets had the highest expression level of GSS. The expression levels of the CBS and GPx7 genes were influenced by both the environment and methionine supplementation. During the grower period, the gene expression levels of BHMT, CBS, GSS and GPx7 were affected by the diet £ environment interaction. A higher expression level of BHMT was observed in broilers maintained at thermal comfort conditions and on the MD diet. HS induced higher expression levels of CBS, GSS and GPx7 in broilers that received the DL1 and DL2 diets. The present results suggest that under HS conditions, methionine supplementation could mitigate the effects of stress, since methionine contributed to the increased expression levels of genes related to antioxidant activity.

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the possible effects of heat stress (HS) on H2O2 production and to evaluate whether methionine supplementation (MS) could mitigate the deleterious effects on cell metabolism and the redox state induced by oxidative stress. Meat quails (Coturnix coturnix coturnix) were fed a diet that either met the nutritional demands for methionine or did not meet this demand (methionine deficient [MD] diet) for 7 d. The animals were either kept at a thermal comfort temperature (25°C) or exposed to HS (38°C for 24 h, starting on the sixth day). Heat stress induced decreased food intake (P = 0.0140), decreased daily weight gain (P < 0.0001), and increased water intake (P = 0.0211). A higher rate of H2O2 production was observed in HS animals (0.0802 vs. 0.0692 nmol of reactive oxygen species [ROS] produced per minute per milligram of protein; P = 0.0042) and in animals fed with the MD diet (0.0808 vs. 0.0686 nmol of ROS produced per minute per milligram of protein; P = 0.0020). We observed effects of the interaction between diet and the environment on the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GP-x) and catalase (P = 0.0392 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Heat stress induced higher levels of GP-x activity in animals on the MS diet and higher catalase activity in animals on the MD diet. Glutathione (GSH) levels were higher in animals on the MS diet (P = 0.0273) and in animals that were kept in thermal comfort (P = 0.0018). The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level was higher in HS animals fed with the MD diet (P = 0.0386). Significant effects of the interaction between supplementation and environment were observed on uric acid concentration levels, which were higher in HS animals fed the MS diet (P = 0.008), and on creatine kinase activity levels, which were lower in HS animals fed the MD diet (1,620.33 units/L; P = 0.0442). Our results suggest that under HS conditions, in which H2O2 production is increased, MS was able to mitigate ROS-induced damage, possibly by increasing the activities of antioxidant elements such as GSH, GPx activity, and uric acid concentration, which were present in higher levels in animals that were subjected to HS and fed the MS diet.