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This article examines the marginal position of artisanal miners in sub‐Saharan Africa, and considers how they are incorporated into mineral sector change in the context of institutional and legal integration. Taking the case of diamond and gold mining in Tanzania, the concept of social exclusion is used to explore the consequences of marginalization on people's access to mineral resources and ability to make a living from artisanal mining. Because existing inequalities and forms of discrimination are ignored by the Tanzanian state, the institutionalization of mineral titles conceals social and power relations that perpetuate highly unequal access to resources. The article highlights the complexity of these processes, and shows that while legal integration can benefit certain wealthier categories of people, who fit into the model of an ‘entrepreneurial small‐scale miner’, for others adverse incorporation contributes to socio‐economic dependence, exploitation and insecurity. For the issue of marginality to be addressed within integration processes, the existence of local forms of organization, institutions and relationships, which underpin inequalities and discrimination, need to be recognized.

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Social characteristics Gender, age, disability, etc. of household members within lifecycle of domestic group Assets Capability Multi-dimensional vulnerability Shaped by CT impact pathways Alleviation of credit, liquidity & savings constraints Access to risk sharing networks for economic collaboration, labour, technology, knowledge, inputs VULNERABILITY CONTEXT Multivariate risks creating stresses, shocks, trends, cycles that effect beneficiary households Household Income Consumption, nutrition Investment in education Asset accumulation Savings Labour allocation Improved capability Dignity, self-respect Social networks Changed family relations (+/-) Social inclusion & exclusion (+/-) Economic risk sharing Social respect Local economy Multiplier effects on trade/goods/services Spill over effects to ineligible households Boost in labour markets Creditworthiness Social institutions Gender & care norms Power relations Complementary services & programmes Market access Labour market structure Products Agro-ecological conditions Shaping productivity e.g. food (in)security Land Availability, tenure Formal & informal institutions Savings groups Risk & asset sharing Social support networks Livelihood groups Cash transfer Reliability Targeting Size

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MotivationFair distribution of benefits from index insurance matters. Lack of attention to social equity can reinforce inequalities and undermine the potential index insurance holds as a tool for climate risk management that is also pro-poor. PurposeThe aims are to: (i) examine social equity concerns raised by index insurance in the context of climate risk management; (ii) consider how greater attention can be given to social equity in index insurance initiatives; and (iii) reflect on the policy challenges raised by taking social equity into account as a mechanism for climate risk reduction. Approach and methodsThe article draws on learning from the CGIAR's Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) and presents the cases of the Index Based Livelihoods Insurance (IBLI) andAgriculture and Climate Risk Enterprise Ltd. (ACRE) in East Africa. It proposes a framework for unpacking social equity related to equitable access, procedures, representation and distribution within index insurance schemes. FindingsSystematically addressing social equity raises hard policy choices for index insurance initiatives without straightforward solutions. Attention to how benefits and burdens of index insurance are distributed raises the unpalateable truth for development policy that the poorest members of rural society can be excluded. Nevertheless, a focus on social equity may open up opportunities to ensure index insurance is

This article discusses the character of mineral resource governance at the margins of the state in Tanzania and the way artisanal gold miners are incorporated into mineral sector transformation. The landscape of mineral resource exploitation has changed dramatically over the past 20 years: processes of economic liberalisation have heralded massive foreign investment in large-scale gold mining, while also stimulating artisanal activities. Against this background, the article shows how artisanal gold miners are affected by contradictory processes: some have become integrated with state institutions and legal processes, while others, the large majority, are either further excluded or incorporated in ways that exacerbate insecurity and exploitation, underpinned by socio-economic inequalities. These processes are compounded by the actions of large-scale and medium-scale gold mining companies and by poor local governance. It is open to debate whether this will bring improved integration and welfare for artisanal mining communities or new forms of exclusion, although evidence suggests the latter.