Dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology to charge Electric Vehicles (EV) using on-road charging segments (CS), also known as DWC pads. In order to ensure effective utilization of this on-the-road charging service, communication and coordination need to be established between the EVs and the different network entities, thereby forming an Internet of Electric Vehicles (IoEV). In an IoEV, EVs can utilize different V2X communication modes to enable charging scheduling, load management, and reliable authentication and billing services. Yet, designing an authentication scheme for dynamic EV charging presents significant challenges given the mobility of the EVs and the short contact time between the EVs and the charging segments. Accordingly, this work proposes a fast, secure and lightweight authentication scheme that allows only authentic EVs with valid credentials to charge their batteries while ensuring secure and fair payments. The presented scheme starts with a key pre-distribution phase between the charging service company (CSC) and the charging pad owner (PO), followed by a hash chain and digital signature-based registration and authentication phase between the EV and the CSC, before the EV reaches the beginning of the charging lane. These preliminary authentication phases allow the authentication between the EVs and the charging segments to be performed using simple hash key verification operations prior to charging activation, which reduces the computational cost of the EVs and the CS. Symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography are utilized to secure the communication between the different network entities. Analysis of the computational and transmission time requirements of the proposed authentication scheme shows that, for an EV traveling at 60 km/h to start charging at the beginning of the charging lane, the authentication process must be initiated at least 1.35 m ahead of the starting point of the lane as it requires ≃81 ms to be completed.

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as an alternative method of transportation to help mitigate environmental issues, such as carbon emissions and fuel consumption, caused by conventional transportation systems. The implementation of effective EV charging systems is essential to motivate mass adoption of EVs. Accordingly, fast and reliable communications between the charging systems and the EVs are vital for efficient management of the charging process. Different radio access technologies (RATs) are discussed in the literature to enable communication between the highly mobile EVs and the charging subsystems, to collect and exchange information such as state of charge (SoC), users’ locations, and charging decisions between the different network entities. This information can be used to coordinate charging plans and select the optimal routes for moving vehicles. This paper presents a survey of existing literature on vehicular communications for EV charging coordination and management. The communication requirements and feasible communication technologies for vehicular communication are first discussed in details. A review of the physical layer security strategies is then presented and the role of the different RATs in EV charging coordination and management is described and studied.

In order to design a high efficiency Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging (WEVC) system, the design of the different system components needs to be optimized, particularly the design of a high-coupling, misalignment-tolerant inductive link (IL), comprising primary and secondary charging coils. Different coil geometries can be utilized for the primary and the secondary sides, each with a set of advantages and drawbacks in terms of weight, cost, coupling at perfect alignment and coupling at lateral misalignments. In this work, a Finite Element Method (FEM)-based systematic approach for the design of double-D (DD) charging coils is presented in detail. In particular, this paper studies the effect of different coil parameters, namely the number of turns and the turn-to-turn spacing, on the coupling performance of the IL at perfect alignment and at ±200 mm lateral misalignment, given a set of space constraints. The proposed design is verified by an experimental prototype to validate the accuracy of the FEM model and the simulation results. Accordingly, FEM simulations are utilized to compare the performance of rectangular, DD and DDQ coils. The FEM results prove the importance of utilizing an additional quadrature coil on the secondary side, despite the added weight and cost, to further improve the misalignment tolerance of the proposed inductive link design.

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) systems are becoming increasingly important for on-the-move electric vehicle (EV) charging solutions, to overcome range anxiety and compensate for the consumed energy while the EV is in motion. In this work, a DWPT EV charging system is proposed to be implemented on a straight road stretch such that it provides the moving EV with energy at a rate of 308 Wh/km. This rate is expected to compensate for the vehicle’s average energy consumption and allow for additional energy storage in the EV battery. The proposed charging system operates at an average power transfer efficiency that is higher than 90% and provides good lateral misalignment tolerance up to ±200 mm. Details of the proposed system’s design are presented in this paper, including EV specifications, inductive link and compensation network design and power electronic circuitry.

The utilization of dynamic wireless charging (DWC) systems to charge on-the-move EVs is currently gaining an increasing popularity, as it addresses range and charging downtime issues of EV users. To ensure optimal utilization of this charging infrastructure, coordination of EV charging demand is essential to achieve grid load balancing and prevent grid overload. In contrast to offline, day-ahead charging scheduling, this work proposes an online, mobility-aware, spatial EV allocation algorithm within a DWC coordination strategy. This strategy allocates EVs requesting charge to the most optimal DWC lanes within an EV charging network (ECN) in an Internet of EVs (IoEVs). A detailed charging request scenario is presented to highlight the required communication for authentication between the EVs and the charging infrastructure, to achieve the desired coordination. Description of the proposed EV allocation algorithm is then presented and the performance of the algorithm is evaluated using a hypothetical case study of predicted EV traffic trips in the cities of Dubai and Sharjah, UAE. Upon parameter optimization, results of the conducted analysis reveal that the proposed EV allocation algorithm achieves an almost flattened load profile across the DWC lanes that reduces the PAER by more than 44% in comparison with a shortest distance allocation algorithm, for a maximum 2× increase in trip length, and sufficient received energy to compensate for the energy consumed during the trip. This acknowledges grid supply limitations, EV traveling velocities and the maximum service capacity per DWC lane.INDEX TERMS Electric vehicle charging network; dynamic wireless charging system; charging coordination; spatial allocation; peak-to-average-energy ratio. NOMENCLATURE Abbreviations CEMCentralized energy management.

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