ABSTRAKCendawan endofit adalah cendawan yang mengoloni jaringan tanaman sehat tanpa menimbulkan gejala penyakit. Cendawan endofit banyak dilaporkan bersimbiosis secara mutualisme dengan inangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi cendawan endofit nonpatogen dan menguji pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan bibit cabai. Isolasi cendawan endofit dilakukan dari bagian akar, batang, dan cabang tanaman cabai. Selanjutnya bagian tanaman tersebut disterilikan, ditanam pada malt extract agar 10%. Isolat cendawan endofit diuji untuk perkecambahan benih cabai. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan benih cabai pada biakan cendawan endofit berumur 4-7 hari. Cendawan endofit yang berasal dari Garut dan Bogor ialah sebanyak 138 isolat. Berdasarkan morfologi koloninya cendawan endofit dibedakan menjadi 9 morfotipe. Sebanyak 13.04% dari total isolat yang diperoleh bersifat nonpatogen, di antaranya menyebabkan pertumbuhan bibit sama dengan kontrol (7.25%) serta pertumbuhan bibit lebih baik daripada kontrol (5.79%). Cendawan endofit yang memiliki potensi memacu pertumbuhan tanaman diidentifikasi sebagai Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicilium sp., hifa steril 1, 2, dan 3.Kata kunci: morfotipe, pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman, uji patogenisitas ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi is fungi that colonize and cause asymptomatic infections in healthy plant tissues. Endophytic fungi have been reported to have mutual symbiosis with their host. This research aimed to obtain nonpathogenic isolates of endophytic fungi from roots, stems, and branches of chili pepper. Endophytic fungi were isolated on 10% malt extract agar (MEA) after serial surface sterilization of plant parts. The effect of endophytic fungi on the development of chili pepper seeds were tested by growing seeds on media containing endophytic fungi isolate. As many as 138 isolates of endophytic fungi were successfully isolated from chili pepper plants from Garut and Bogor. Based on colony morphology the isolates can be differentiated into 9 morphotypes. Among the total isolates, 13.04% are nonpathogenic. Some of them (7,25%) do not effect seedling significantly compared to control and some isolates (5.79%) caused better seedling growth than control. Endophytic fungi having the potential to promote plant growth was identified as Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., sterile hyphae 1, 2, and 3.
Incidence of Viruses and Fungi on True Shallot Seed and Shallot Bulb Shallot is an important vegetable in Indonesia. Shallot farmers generally use bulbs as planting material even though there is an option to use true shallot seed (TSS). One important criteria for a good seed quality as planting material is pathogen free. Research was conducted to detect and identify viruses and fungi from TSS and shallot seed bulbs cultivars Bima, Bauji, Thailand, and Tuk-Tuk. Virus detection was carried out by DIBA (dot immunobinding assay) method using specific antiserum to OYDV, SLV, SYSV, and GCLV. Detection and identification of fungi was carried out by blotter test method and polymerase chain reaction. Infection of OYDV, GCLV, SYSV, and SLV were only detected in shallot bulbs with infection rates ranging from 66% to 100%. Four species of fungi were detected in TSS and bulbs, i.e. Aspergillus niger, A.flavus, F. solani, and Rhizopus sp; whereas F.oxysporum was only found in bulbs. All isolates of F. oxysporum was pathogenic and cause disease incidence up to 55%. Pathogenic isolate of F. oxysporum had 100% homology to those isolate from China and USA on the spesies level and 91.2% to those isolate from India and USA to the forma spesies level.
Penyakit blas (Pyricularia oryzae) di Indonesia awalnya hanya merusak tanaman padi gogo, namun penyakit blas dilaporkan terjadi pada tanaman padi sawah sejak tahun 2000-an. Aplikasi cendawan endofit merupakan salah satu cara pengendalian yang berpotensi besar untuk dikembangkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan cendawan endofit dari padi sawah yang berpotensi menekan keparahan penyakit blas. Isolasi cendawan endofit dilakukan dari bagian akar, batang, dan daun tanaman padi sawah. Varietas Kencana Bali digunakan pada pengujian penghambatan P. oryzae secara in vivo karena varietas tersebut merupakan varietas paling rentan terhadap penyakit blas. Sebanyak 47 isolat cendawan endofit berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman padi sawah asal Bogor, Sukabumi, dan Blitar. Berdasarkan morfologi koloni cendawan endofit dapat dibedakan menjadi 9 morfotipe. Sebanyak 4 dari 14 cendawan endofit menunjukkan aktivitas antibiosis pada pengujian penghambatan P. oryzae secara in vitro. Hasil pengujian penghambatan penyakit blas pada varietas Kencana Bali di rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa 4 isolat tersebut mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit blas dengan tingkat penekanan antara 30-70%.
Penyakit moler yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman bawang merah. Aktinomiset memiliki potensi sebagai agens pengendali hayati F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae karena kemampuannya dalam memproduksi senyawa bioaktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi dan menyeleksi isolat-isolat aktinomiset yang dapat menekan pertumbuhan F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae dan memacu pertumbuhan tanaman bawang merah. Penelitian dibagi menjadi empat tahap, yaitu: isolasi, seleksi, karakterisasi, dan identifikasi isolat aktinomiset yang potensial. Sebanyak 43 isolat berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman Liliaceae dan sebanyak 14 isolat berhasil diseleksi berdasarkan hasil uji keamanan hayati. Hasil uji antagonisme menunjukkan bahwa 14 isolat menghasilkan penghambatan terhadap F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae sebesar 3.67%–53.67%. Di antara 14 isolat tersebut, sebanyak 13 isolat mampu memproduksi enzim kitinase dengan indeks kitinolitik sebesar 0.31–1.38. Lima isolat terpilih yaitu: ABF42, ABF59, ACF45, AEF35, dan AEF45, mampu melarutkan fosfat dan memproduksi IAA dengan konsentrasi 24.82–82.88 ppm, namun hanya tiga isolat yang mampu memfiksasi nitrogen. Berdasarkan sikuen gen 16S rRNA, lima isolat tersebut berturut-turut teridentifikasi sebagai: Streptomyces rameus, S. lydicus, S. panaciradicis, S. seoulensis, dan S. fuscichromogenes.
Trichoderma and Gliocladium for Controling Fusarium Root Rot Disease of Oil Palm SeedlingsFusarium spp. have been reported as the causal agent of common spear rot and crown rot diseases on oil palm. An effective strategy to control these diseases is not available yet. This research was aimed to find biocontrol agents for effective control of crown rot disease on oil palm seedlings caused by Fusarium spp. The experiment consisted of 3 parts i.e. pathogenicity test of 3 isolates of Fusarium, identification and in vitro test of biocontrol agents, and in planta test of biocontrol agents against Fusarium spp. In vitro test was done through dual culture test and test for volatile compound produced by the biocontrol agents. In planta test was conducted through inoculation of Fusarium spp. into oil palm seedlings growing on medium containing selected biocontrol agents i.e. Trichoderma harzianum, T. virens, T. inhamatum, and Gliocladium fimbriatum. In vitro test showed that Gliocladium fimbriatum 1 and 2 were inhibited effectively the growth of Fusarium spp. on the dual culture test, whereas T. harzianum Gadingrejo 2 was inhibited effectively the growth of Fusarium spp. on volatile compound test. The application of biocontrol agents was effective to protect oil palm seedlings from Fusarium spp. infection.
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