No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

BackgroundType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is prevalent in people with obesity. It has been proposed that these conditions are related to specific features of the microflora of the mouth and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hyperglycemia often resolves quickly after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) but the role of the GI microflora cannot be examined easily because of reduced intestinal mobility. We propose that the study of microorganisms present in the mouth of patients undergoing RYGB will contribute to our understanding of the role of bacteria in the pathogenesis of T2DM.ObjectiveTo conduct a feasibility study to examine differences in oral microbes in obese patients with and without T2DM and to determine whether it is feasible to measure changes after gastric bypass surgery.MethodsIndividuals with morbid obesity (n=29), of whom 13 had T2DM, were studied. Oral rinses, stool samples, and blood samples were obtained before RYGB, and oral rinses and blood samples were obtained at 2 and 12 weeks postsurgery.ResultsPrior to surgery, participants with T2DM had slightly higher total levels of oral bacteria than those without diabetes. Those with HbA1c > 6.5% had rather lower levels of Bifidobacteria in the mouth and stool. At 2 weeks post-RYGB, patients with T2DM were able to reduce or discontinue their hypoglycemic medications. Stool samples could not be obtained but oral rinses were readily available. The levels of oral Bifidobacteria had increased tenfold and levels of circulating endotoxin and tumor necrosis factor-alpha had decreased.ConclusionsThe study of oral bacteria before and after RYGB is feasible and should be tested in larger patient populations to increase our understanding of the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of obesity and T2DM.

The shedding of herpes simplex virus Type 1 (HSV‐1) into saliva was studied in 110 healthy individuals, 55 patients who were undergoing oral surgery, and 21 immunocompromised patients in an asymptomatic Japanese population. Specimens were collected regularly for up to 2 months from each individual. Virus was recovered on at least one occasion from 4.5% of the healthy individuals, 20% of the patients undergoing oral surgery and 38% of the immunocompromised patients. In those individuals that shed virus, the duration of shedding varied from a mean of 1.2 days in the healthy individuals to 5.8 days in patients undergoing oral surgery, and was 3 days in the immunocompromised patients. The majority of oral surgery patients shed HSV‐1 into saliva within 7 days after surgery and immunocompromised patients shed virus almost continuously. The role of surgery in triggering the reactivation of latent HSV‐1, and the differences in rates of viral shedding between Americans and Japanese are discussed.

Evidence from several laboratories suggests that HPV plays a role in the etiology of squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. A multifactorial risk factor profile for the development of oral cancer may include HPV in addition to well-established risk factors such as tobacco and alcohol use. The prevalence of oral carcinomas reported to be associated with HPV has varied widely due to differences in the sensitivity of the assay used for HPV detection. The aims of this study were: (1) to ascertain the prevalence of HPV DNA in oral squamous cell carcinomas using the most sensitive technique available, the polymerase chain reaction; (2) to determine the type of HPV in the tumors; and 3) to correlate the virologic data with other risk factor data obtained from patients' records. Fourteen (78%) of 18 primary tumors, 6 (67%) of 9 normal epithelial tissues from the patients and 5 (100%) of 5 neck metastases were HPV DNA-positive. Of the 14 HPV DNA-positive primary tumors, specific typing revealed HPV 16 in 2, HPV 18 in 2, HPV 16 and 18 in 5, HPV 6/11, 16 and 18 in 4, and HPV 6/11 in 1. HPV types in the normal or metastatic tissue were usually the same as those in the respective primary tumor. There was no significant association between HPV presence and any of 12 factors or patient characteristics studied.

No abstract

To find out whether smoking affects the prevalenee and intraotal distiibution of Candida albieans, swabs and saliva samiiles from 100 healthy persons, smokers and non-smokers, were eultured lor the presenee of this fungus. The prevalenee was the same (35%) in both smokers and non-smokers. Among carriers, the mean eoneentration of C. albicans eolony-forming units in saliva of smokers was twice that of the non-smokers, and the i.solation frequeney of C. albicans at eaeh of 5 mueosal sites was also higher in smokers than in non-smoker.s. However, a wide variation was found, and these differenees were not signilieant at the 0.05 level. Men were carriers more often than women (p < ().t)25), and the nnicosal site from which C. albicans was reeovered most often was the posterior dorsum of the tongue. Although il has previously been elaimed that cigarette smoking influences the carrier state of C albicans. the ptesent study suggests that the effect is only slight.