This study aimed to evaluate the viability of replacing corn meal with citrus pulp (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % dry matter of corn meal) by evaluating several nutritional parameters such as intake and digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation parameters. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Five crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 26.1 ± 1.8 kg were used and distributed in a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. For digestibility of nutrients was carried out to feed, orts, and feces collection. The evaluated nutrients were dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber, fiber acid detergent and lignin. Were determined nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions, and ruminal fermentation parameters (N-NH 3 and ruminal pH). The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis (t-test; α = 0.05). Citrus pulp inclusion in the diets did not affect intake and digestibility of nutrients, or the pH and the NH 3 -N content of the rumen fluid. Citrus pulp can be used as a total substitute for corn in concentrate or up to 26.5% in the total ration for lambs (dry basis). Key words: By-product, NH 3 , nutrients, pH, sheep ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade da substituição do milho por polpa cítrica peletizada (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 % da MS de milho) em dietas para cordeiros, com base em variáveis nutricionais. utilizados cinco borregos mestiços com peso inicial médio de 26,1±1,8 kg distribuídos segundo um delineamento em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Para a determinação da digestibilidade dos nutrientes foi realizada a coleta de amostras de alimentos oferecidos e sobras e coleta total de fezes. Os nutrientes avaliados foram matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, cinzas, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e lignina. Foram determinadas as frações nitrogenadas e de carboidratos, e os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal (N-NH3 e pH ruminal). Os resultados foram interpretados de acordo com a análise de variância, e as médias estudadas por meio de análise de regressão (teste "t"; α=0,05). Não houve efeito da inclusão de polpa cítrica à dieta sobre o consumo, coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes, bem como no pH e concentrações de N-NH 3 no líquido ruminal. O consumo de nutrientes foi capaz de atender as exigências nutricionais preconizadas para a referida categoria. A polpa cítrica pode ser utilizada como substituta total do milho na mistura concentrada ou em até 26,5% da ração total (base seca) para cordeiros.
RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do concentrado pelo resíduo úmido de cervejaria sobre o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em cabras. Foram utilizadas cinco cabras mestiças Boer × Saanen e cinco cabras Saanen distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 5 × 5. As dietas foram compostas de 40% de feno de capim-tifton e os 60% restantes foram compostos de 0, 25, 50, 75 ou 100% de resíduo úmido de cervejaria em substituição ao concentrado. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CT), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) ajustaram-se ao modelo quadrático, de modo que os maiores valores foram observados para as dietas sem resíduo úmido de cervejaria e com 25% desse resíduo. Os níveis de resíduo úmido de cervejaria tiveram efeito linear decrescente na digestibilidade aparente de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e carboidratos totais e efeito quadrática na digestibilidade da proteína bruta. O resíduo úmido de cervejaria pode ser utilizado em níveis de até 25% como substituto ao concentrado em dietas para cabras no final da lactação.Palavras-chave: bagaço de malte, caprinos, consumo, digestibilidade, resíduos agroindustriais Wet brewer grains on goat feedingABSTRACT -The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of replacing concentrate by wet brewer grain on the intake and digestibility of nutrients in goats. It was used five Boer × Saanen crossbreed goats and five Saanen goats randomly distributed in two 5 × 5 latin squares. The diets were composed of 40% of Tifton hay and the other 60% were composed of 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of wet brewer grain replacing the concentrate. The intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (TC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were fitted to the quadratic model so the highest values were observed for diets without wet brewer grain and with 25% of this residue. The levels of wet brewer grain had a decreasing linear effect on apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and total carbohydrates and a quadratic effect on crude protein digestibility. Wet brewer grain can be used in levels up to 25% as a substitute to concentrate in diets for goats at the end of lactation.Key Words: digestibility, goats, industrial wastes, intake, malt trash IntroduçãoAlguns resíduos agroindustriais podem ser usados na alimentação dos animais. No entanto, características alimentares podem ser tanto positivas quanto negativas no que diz respeito à conversão do alimento em produto animal. Para que esses resíduos possam ser utilizados com eficiência na produção animal, dentre outros, é necessário avaliar o consumo, a composição químico-bromatológica e a digestibilidade do alimento.
The present study objective was to determine the intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation parameters in sheep fed diets containing levels of substitution of soybean meal for sunflower cake. The diets consisted of five levels of protein soybean meal (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) by sunflower cake. Diets were formulated with 12.6% CP, respecting the roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60, as source roughage was used hay Tifton-85 and as food concentrates used were: corn, soybean meal, sunflower cake and premix mineral vitaminic. Five lambs crossbred castrated with average weight of 29.64 ± 2.94 kg were used, distributed in latin square 5 x 5. There were no differences in intake dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrients. The intake of ether extract (EE) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) were increased linearly. For intake of total carbohydrates (TC) was observed equation linear in relation to body weight and metabolic weight and quadratic when expressed in g day -1 with peak in 377.1 g kg -1 replacement of soybean meal by sunflower cake. There were no differences in digestibility DM, OM, CP, NDF, NFC and TC. There was a linear increase in the digestibility of ether extract (EE). The intake, feces, urinary and retained nitrogen were not influenced by levels of substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake in the diets. For the pH of liquor ruminal there was no difference for the different levels of substitution of soybean meal by sunflower cake. However, ruminal pH differed with respect to collection time for all experimental diets. There was no effect on diets and sampling time for concentration of NH 3 -N. It was concluded that the sunflower cake can be used as an alternative food to replace soybean meal up to 100% in concentrate mixture unless there are changes in the rumen parameters, balance of nitrogen, intake and nutrient digestibility. Key words: Co-products, oilseed, ruminants ResumoObjetivou-se com este estudo, determinar o consumo e digestibilidade dos componentes nutritivos, balanço de nitrogênio e os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal em borregos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes teores de torta de girassol em substituição ao farelo de soja. Os tratamentos consistiram em cinco níveis de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100 g kg -1 MS) pela torta de girassol. As rações foram formuladas com 12,6% PB respeitando-se uma relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60, tendo como fonte volumosa o feno de Tifton-85 e ração suplementar formuladas com milho, farelo de soja, torta de girassol, mistura mineral e vitamínica. Foram utilizados cinco borregos sem raça definida, castrados, com peso vivo médio de 29,64 ± 2,94 kg, distribuídos em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Não houve diferenças nos consumos de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). O consumo de extrato etéreo (EE) e carboidratos não fi...
The aim of this study was to determine the intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation parameters in sheep fed diets containing levels of substitution of soybean meal for soybean cake. The diets consisted of five levels of protein soybean meal (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 %) by soybean cake. Diets were formulated with 12.5% CP, respecting the forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60.Tifton-85 hay was used as forage and the concentrate was formulated with corn, soybean meal, soybean cake and vitamin mineral supplement. Five crossbred lambs castrated, with average weight of 33.7 ± 5.8 kg were used and distributed in a Latin Square 5 × 5. No differences in intake and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrate, nonfiber carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients. Increased linearly in ether extract intake by replacing protein from soybean meal by soybean cake in the diet but with no changes in the digestibility of this component. The nitrogen balance, nitrogen content fecal and urinary retained were not influenced by levels of substitution of soybean meal by soybeans cake in diets. For the index pH and concentration of ammonia nitrogen in rumen fluid did not differ between diets. It was concluded that the soybean cake can be used as an alternative food to replace soybean meal up to 100% unless there are changes in the rumen parameters, balance of nitrogen, intake and nutrient digestibility. Key words: Co-products, oilseed, ether extract, ruminants ResumoObjetivou-se no presente estudo, determinar o consumo e digestibilidade dos componentes nutritivos, balanço de nitrogênio e parâmetros de fermentação ruminal em borregos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes teores de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de soja. Foram avaliadas uma ração testemunha (sem torta de soja) e quatro teores de substituição do farelo de soja (FS) pela torta de soja de 25; 50; 75 e 100%. As dietas foram formuladas para conter 125 g PB. kg -1 MS na ração, respeitando-se relação volumoso:concentrado de 40:60, tendo como fonte volumosa o feno de capim Tifton-85(Cynodon spp) e como ração concentrada suplementar foram utilizados milho, farelo de soja, torta de soja, mistura mineral e vitamínica. Foram utilizados cinco borregos sem raça definida, castrados, com peso vivo médio de 33,7 ± 5,8 kg, com 8 meses de idade, distribuídos em quadrado latino 5 x 5. Não houve diferenças nos consumos e digestibilidade de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais entre as rações em estudo. Houve efeito linear crescente no consumo de extrato etéreo com a substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de soja na ração, porém não houve modificações na digestibilidade desse nutriente. O consumo de nitrogênio, os teores de nitrogênio fecal, urinário e retidos não foram influenciados pelos teores de substituição do farelo de soja pela torta de soja nas rações. Para o...
It was evaluated the feeding behavior of lambs fed diets containing 30% sorghum silage and 70% crambe cake (30:70 diet), and 70% sorghum silage and 30% crambe cake (70:30 diet) under voluntary and controlled consumption. The experimental design used was a 4 × 4 Latin square, with four animals, four periods, and four treatments; feeding behavior was determined by observation. The results indicated that animals fed the 30:70 diet showed higher DM and NDF (g day -1 ) than those fed the 70:30 diet. Animals fed the 70:30 diet showed longer feeding times (h kg -1 DM), mastication (min kg -1 DM and min kg -1 NDF), rumination (min day -1 and min kg -1 DM), and the largest number of mericics chewing per bolus; however, a higher feed efficiency (g DM h -1 ) was observed in the 30:70 diet group. Furthermore, animals feeding voluntarily had higher DM intake and chewed for longer. Therefore, the combined results indicated that crambe cake could be used in the diet of sheep without affecting feeding behavior.
Brazilian beekeeping has been developed from the africanization of the honeybees and its high performance launches Brazil as one of the world´s largest honey producer. The Southeastern region has an expressive position in this market (45%), but the state of Rio de Janeiro is the smallest producer, despite presenting large areas of wild vegetation for honey production. In order to analyze the honey productivity in the state of Rio de Janeiro, this research used classic and spatial regression approaches. The data used in this study comprised the responses regarding beekeeping from 1418 beekeepers distributed throughout 72 counties of this state. The best statistical fit was a semiparametric spatial model. The proposed model could be used to estimate the annual honey yield per hive in regions and to detect production factors more related to beekeeping. Honey productivity was associated with the number of hives, wild swarm collection and losses in the apiaries. This paper highlights that the beekeeping sector needs support and help to elucidate the problems plaguing beekeepers, and the inclusion of spatial effects in the regression models is a useful tool in geographical data.Keywords: beekeeping productivity, spatial statistics, spatial regression models RESUMO
ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the intake and nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen in lambs of diets containing different levels of residual frying oil.MethodsLevels of 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 g/kg dry matter (DM) base of residual frying oil in the diets of lambs were evaluated. Five castrated lambs with initial body weights of 36.8±3.3 kg, distributed in a Latin square (5×5) design, were used.ResultsThere was a decreasing linear effect on the intake of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total carbohydrates (TCH), and nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC). There was an increased linear intake of ether extract (EE). The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, TCH, and NFC, as well as urine nitrogen excretion, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters, were not influenced by different levels of residual frying oil in the diet. EE digestibility presented a crescent linear effect.ConclusionIt can be concluded that the addition of residual frying oil to the diets of sheep can affect nutrient intake without affecting the digestibility of most nutrients (with the exception of EE), nitrogen balance and ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration.
ResumoForam realizadas determinações químico-bromatológicas das frações que constituem os carboidratos e compostos nitrogenados e a determinação das respectivas taxas de digestão do farelo de soja (FS), farelo de crambe (FC), farelo de nabo forrageiro (FNF), resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC) e crisálida do bicho da seda desidratada (CBSD). Os parâmetros cinéticos dos carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) e fração B2 foram estimados a partir da técnica cumulativa de produção de gás. Entre os alimentos estudados houve considerável variação na composição químico-bromatológica. O farelo de crambe foi o único alimento que não apresentou sincronismo entre as frações nitrogenadas e carboidratos. Neste alimento houve predominância das frações A+B1 dos carboidratos e B1+B2 dos compostos nitrogenados, sendo que para os demais predominou a fração B2 dos carboidratos e B1+B2 dos compostos nitrogenados. Houve diferença entre os parâmetros de cinética digestiva para todos os alimentos. A maior participação na produção de gases devido aos CNF foi encontrada no farelo de crambe e farelo de nabo forrageiro. A fermentação dos CF proporcionou maior volume de gás no resíduo úmido de cervejaria e no farelo de soja, no entanto, o farelo de soja foi o alimento com maior volume total de gases. A taxa de degradação do CNF do resíduo úmido de cervejaria e crisalida do bicho da seda desidratada estiveram muito abaixo dos limites de degradação dessa fração. Devido aos parâmetros obtidos pela produção cumulativa de gases, o farelo de soja foi o melhor alimento avaliado, no entanto todos os demais apresentam potencial para utilização na nutrição animal. A técnica cumulativa de produção de gases possibilita a estimativa das taxas de degradação e fornece informações adicionais sobre a cinética de fermentação ruminal dos alimentos. Palavras-chave: Resíduo úmido de cervejaria, crisálida do bicho da seda desidratada, coprodutos AbstractChemical analysis of carbohydrates and nitrogen fractions, as well as, determination their carbohydrates digestion rates in soyben meal (SM), crambe meal (CM), radish meal (RM), wet brewery residue (WBR) and dehydrated silkworm chrysalis (SCD) were accomplished. The kinetics parameters of
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