This research might aid in the discrimination of honey floral origin, by using simple analytical methods in association with multivariate analysis, which could also show a great difference among floral honeys and artificial honey, indicating a possible way to help with the identification of artificial honeys.

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Flora Visited by the Eusocial Bees (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in a Savanna of the South of Piauí, Brazil ABSTRACT -This study presents the flora explored by Apis mellifera L. (Africanized honey bee) and stingless bees, and their seasonal phenology, in a caatinga vegetation, located in the Parque Nacional Serra da Capivara, Piauí State, tropical Brazil. During one year, bees were monthly collected with entomological nets, while visiting flowers. Sampling took place in two places. Eusocial bees, A. mellifera and 12 stingless bees species, were collected visiting 69 angiopermas species. Like reported in other studies on caatinga, a plant family heavily foraged was Leguminosae, but there were a few melittophilic species in common. A. mellifera visited 32 floral species and the stingless bees visited 58 species; among them Trigona spinipes Fabr. had the largest spectrum of plant species visited. A. mellifera showed the opportunistic behavior, but this was not observed with the majority of the stingless bee species. Regarding the seasonal phenology, the picture is like others studies conducted in the caatinga: abundance and floral heterogeneity during the rainy station, when the sampling was most effective, and shortage of floral resources during the dry season, when the occurrence of the eusocial bee species was reduced.KEY WORDS: Floral visit, semi-arid region, eusocial bee, Meliponini, Apis mellifera RESUMO -Estudou-se a flora explorada por Apis mellifera L. (abelhas africanizadas) e meliponíneos, em vegetação de caatinga, no Parque Nacional da Serra da Capivara, PI. Durante um ano foram feitas amostragens mensais em dois locais, utilizando-se redes entomológicas para a coleta das abelhas eussociais em visita às plantas. Coletaram-se 69 espécies de angiopermas de 28 famílias nos dois locais amostrados. Leguminosae foi a família com maior número de espécies florais e de maior visitação pelas abelhas eussociais, como ocorreu com outras localidades de caatinga, mas há poucas espécies melitófilas em comum. As plantas coletadas foram visitadas por 12 espécies de meliponíneos e, ou pelas abelhas africanizadas. A. mellifera visitou 32 espécies florais e os meliponíneos 58 espécies, destes destacou-se Trigona spinipes Fabr. com maior espectro de plantas visitadas. O comportamento oportunista foi aparente em A. mellifera, mas não foi observado em todas as espécies de meliponíneos coletadas. A fenologia da flora e da fauna de abelhas foi similar à relatada em outros estudos regionais de mesma formação florística: abundância e heterogeneidade floral durante a estação chuvosa, favorecendo o forrageamento das abelhas, e escassez de recursos florais durante a seca, quando a ocorrência das abelhas se reduz. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Visita floral, região semi-árida, Meliponini, Apis melliferaReceived 15/03/02. Accepted 12/11/02.

Pollen is used in the human diet as a food supplement because of its high nutritional value; however, this product is prone to fungal contamination that could potentially generate toxins that are harmful to human health. This study aimed to verify the floral diversity of commercial brands of bee pollen and their mycotoxicological safety for human consumption. A total of 27 bee pollen samples were analyzed; these samples represented commercial brands, either showing an inspection seal or not, marketed in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The analyzed parameters included floral diversity through palynological analysis, water activity, fungal counts, identification and toxigenic profiles. The palynological analysis identified nine plant families, of which the Asteraceae was predominant. Analysis of hygienic quality based on fungal load showed that 92% of samples were reproved according to the commercial, sanitary, and food safety quality indicators. Aspergillus, Cladosporium and Penicillium were the most common genera. Toxigenic evaluation showed that 25% of the A. flavus strains produced aflatoxins. The high rate of contamination of products bearing an inspection seal emphasizes the need to monitor the entire procedure of bee pollen production, as well as to revise the current legislation to ensure safe commercialization of this product.

The Brazilian Sac Brood is a disease that affects apiaries of Africanized bee hives in Brazil, thereby making them susceptible to high losses. This study investigated the pathogenicity of Africanized bee hives by the entomopathogenic fungi in a Brazilian Sac Brood endemic region. The degree of fungal contamination, presence of mycotoxins in beehive elements, and vulnerability of healthy beehives in environments subjected and not subjected to the disease were investigated. From the contaminating fungal load, species that are mycotoxin producers and pathogenic causing mortality in the bees have been isolated. The analysis of bee pollen and bee bread samples did not show the presence of the toxic pollen of Stryphnodendron (Fabaceae), which has been indicated as the causative agent of mortality in pre-pupal stage larvae. However, bee bread showed the highest correlation between substrate and fungal contamination.Keywords: bee health, beekeeping, molds, mycotoxins RESUMO A cria ensacada brasileira é uma doença que afeta apiários de colmeias de abelhas africanizadas no

ABSTRACT(Pollen used by Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Apidae: Meliponina)). Th e objective of this study was to quantify and evaluate the pollen load, which was classifi ed by color, found on Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Apidae: Meliponina). Eighteen pollen types, belonging to 16 plant families, were found on T. angustula. Th e majority of the pollen, from diff erent species, was yellow, indicating that T. angustula prefers this color. Th is was followed by brown pollen and then pumpkin colored pollen. Th e pollen grains that were light colored were the most common. Th e more frequent pollen types were Meliaceae, Myrtaceae (Eucalyptus spp.), Piper mollicomum (Piperaceae), Schizolobium parahyba (Caesalpiniaceae) and Tibouchina granulosa (Melastomataceae).

The aim of this work was to investigate the organic proprieties in different kinds of ethanolic extracts directly from the market and prepared from raw propolis. The raw propolis was obtained by scraping it from the hives (type 1) and by using a collector to obtain it in strips (type 2). The analysis of phenolic and flavonoid contents was performed, and the oxidative index was obtained. The raw propolis obtained in cities of Southeastern Brazil presented a balsamic aroma, a dark green brownish color was predominant and the consistency was hard or malleable; its origin is from wild flora. Our study pointed out the high variation with on the organic value of propolis, which is a barrier to define a pattern from different types. Type 1 propolis, the easiest to collect, needs some care in good practices, and the commercial extracts need quality control.

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