ResumoPara analisar as tarefas de desenvolvimento propostas por Havighurst, 12 idosos foram submetidos ao método de História de Vida. Eles relataram suas histórias em entrevistas grupais e em textos digitalizados. Desconsiderou-se a primeira infância, pois as memórias autobiográfi cas dessa fase são limitadas. Uma análise de conteúdo temática das verbalizações e dos textos revelou que somente quatro das 40 tarefas das demais fases do curso de vida -meia infância, adolescência, adultez inicial, adultez intermediária e maturidade tardia -não foram mencionadas. As alterações recomendadas para algumas tarefas e a inclusão de uma nova demanda para a maturidade denotam o caráter contextual e histórico delas. Todavia, considera-se que as tarefas de desenvolvimento de Havighurst apresentam evidências de validade ecológica para o contexto brasileiro. Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento humano, Havighurst, curso de vida, tarefas de desenvolvimento, idoso. AbstractIn order to analyze the developmental tasks proposed by Havighurst, 12 elderly people were submitted to the life history method. They told their stories in group interviews and reported them in written texts. Early childhood was disregarded because autobiographical memories of that phase are limited. A thematic content analysis of the verbalizations and texts revealed that only four out of the 40 tasks of the remaining life course phases -middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age and later maturity -were not mentioned. The results suggest the need of altering fi ve of the six tasks originally proposed by the author. It is also necessary to include new demands for later maturity which denote the contextual and historical character of the process. Havighurst's developmental tasks showed ecological validity evidence for the Brazilian context, though.
Background The COVID-19 pandemic received widespread media coverage due to its novelty, an early lack of data, and the rapid rise in deaths and cases. This excessive coverage created a secondary “infodemic” that was considered to be a serious public and mental health problem by the World Health Organization and the international scientific community. The infodemic particularly affected older individuals, specifically those who are vulnerable to misinformation due to political positions, low interpretive and critical analysis capacity, and limited technical-scientific knowledge. Thus, it is important to understand older people’s reaction to COVID-19 information disseminated by the media and the effect on their lives and mental health. Objective We aimed to describe the profile of exposure to COVID-19 information among older Brazilian individuals and the impact on their mental health, perceived stress, and the presence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods This cross-sectional, exploratory study surveyed 3307 older Brazilians via the web, social networks, and email between July 2020 and March 2021. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analysis were performed to estimate associations of interest. Results Major proportions of the 3307 participants were aged 60 to 64 years (n=1285, 38.9%), female (n=2250, 68.4%), and married (n=1835, 55.5%) and self-identified as White (n=2364, 71.5%). Only 295 (8.9%) had never started or completed a basic education. COVID-19 information was mainly accessed on television (n=2680, 81.1%) and social networks (n=1943, 58.8%). Television exposure was ≥3 hours in 1301 (39.3%) participants, social network use was 2 to 5 hours in 1084 (32.8%) participants, and radio exposure was ≥1 hour in 1223 (37%) participants. Frequency of exposure to social networks was significantly associated with perceived stress (P=.04) and GAD (P=.01). A Bonferroni post hoc test revealed significantly different perceived stress in participants who were exposed to social networks for 1 hour (P=.04) and those who had no exposure (P=.04). A crude linear regression showed that “some” social media use (P=.02) and 1 hour of exposure to social media (P<.001) were associated with perceived stress. Adjusting for sociodemographic variables revealed no associations with this outcome variable. In a crude logistic regression, some social media use (P<.001) and 2 to 5 hours of exposure to social media (P=.03) were associated with GAD. Adjusting for the indicated variables showed that some social network use (P<.001) and 1 hour (P=.04) and 2 to 5 hours (P=.03) of exposure to social media were associated with GAD. Conclusions Older people, especially women, were often exposed to COVID-19–related information through television and social networks; this affected their mental health, specifically GAD and stress. Thus, the impact of the infodemic should be considered during anamnesis for older people, so that they can share their feelings about it and receive appropriate psychosocial care.
A fim de efetuar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre forças do caráter (FC) de idosos, recuperaram-se artigos que relatam pesquisas empíricas indexados pela PsycINFO ou PubMed (N=31). Selecionaram-se textos publicados entre 1998 e 2014 que investigaram amostras com indivíduos com 65 anos ou mais. Verificou-se que: o crescimento da produção científica sobre o tema não é expressivo; a maioria dos artigos analisa a relação entre FC e outras variáveis; somente um discute uma FC especificamente na velhice. A produção científica sobre FC de idosos é restrita. Quando incluídos, os idosos representam apenas mais uma coorte etária da amostra, não sendo consideradas suas especificidades. Como identificar e desenvolver FC dos idosos contribui para o envelhecimento positivo, mais investigações são necessárias.
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