The transition zone between the Archean blocks, Jequié and Itabuna-Salvador-Curaçá, in the county of Laje, Bahia, Brazil, is potentially important for iron ore deposits of economic interest. This research investigates one of the eighteen anomalies defined by a previous integrated interpretation of geological and airborne gamma ray spectrometry and magnetic data in this transition zone. Its choice resulted from being located in an area with intense transcurrent shear and from the occurrence of pebbles rich in magnetite. Because of paucity of surface geological information, a ground-based geophysical survey added valuable information for the definition of a drilling program in the area. The survey consisted of two parts and followed up the aforementioned previous integrated interpretation of the Valença sheet. The first part consisted of one gravity and magnetic profile, which indicated a favorable site for additional investigation. The second part consisted of a detailed survey in the selected area with gravity, magnetic, and VLF-EM. The interpretation of the data of the geophysical methods allowed to delineate two zones in the area, both located at magnetic anomalies, gravity highs and relatively conductive parts. The two zones have a high potential for iron ore, because they present significant and correlated anomalies.
Relatively few investigations have employed electrical methods in the submarine environment, which may be promising for mineral deposits or threatened by environmental problems. We have measured the electric field using both disk and bar electrodes in the sea water at three different levels: sea surface, seven meters deep, and sea bottom at a depth of ten meters, employing a 2 m spacing dipole-dipole array with 7 array spacings of investigation, and 13 values of frequencies at steps of (2 N hertz, N = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,.....10). The measurement allowed the analysis of the electric field as a function of frequency and spacing, and of the spectral induced polarization. Modelling and interpretation of the apparent resistivity yielded a good fit with previous drilling data. Analysis of the spectrum of the complex apparent resistivity and the comparison with equivalent circuits, provided information about the grain size, the mineral composition and the major induced polarization phenomenon occurring below the sea. Therefore the result of the present research show the feasibility of measuring the variation of seawater resistivity in situ, as well as the resistivity of sea bottom sediments.
The plane wave scattering in a two-dimensional medium consisting of two quarter spaces below a haft-space, also known as the vertical fault model, is the simplest two-dimensional model applicable to geophysical exploration. The wave field obeys the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. Its formulation is equivalent to the electromagnetic case when the fundamental unknown is the horizontally polarized electric field vector and to the acoustic case when the unknown is the pressure. In the electromagnetic case the medium parameters are the electrical conductivity and the magnetic permeability, and in the acoustic case they are the compressibility and the density. The formulation of the scattered field in all space is defined by an integral representation composed of two one-sided Fourier transforms in each medium. It represents an extension of Weaver's formulation. The spectral constituents of the Fourier integrals are determined by means of the Neumann's series, as a solution to the set of integral equations obtained by application of the boundary conditions. The numerical results show that the series converge and that the field values have a precision always better than 5%. The same formulation can be extended to solve the problem of scattering in more complex two-dimensional or in three-dimensional medium constituted of perpendicular blocks. Fields and spectral constituents may be used in the inversion of geophysical data.
The complete and exact solution of the scattering of a TE mode frequency domain electromagnetic plane wave by a vertical dike under a conductive overburden has been established. An integral representation composed of one-sided Fourier transforms describes the scattered electric field components in each one of the five media: air, overburden, dike, and the country rocks on both sides of the dike. The determination of the terms of the series that represents the spectral components of the Fourier integrals requires the numerical inversion of a sparse matrix, and the method of successive approaches. The zero-order term of the series representation for the spectral components of the overburden, for given values of the electrical and geometrical parameters of the model, has been computed. This result allowed to determine an approximate value of the variation of the electric field on the top of the overburden in the direction perpendicular to the strike of the dike. The results demonstrate the efficiency of this forward electromagnetic modeling, and are fundamental for the interpretation of VLF and Magnetotelluric data.
Estabelecemos a solução exata e completa do espalhamento de uma onda plana eletromagnética no domínio da freqüência e no modo elétrico transverso por um dique vertical soterrado por uma camada condutora. Uma representação integral composta de transformadas unilaterais de Fourier descreve os componentes do campo elétrico espalhado em cada um dos cinco meios: ar, cobertura, dique e as rochas encaixantes de cada lado do dique. A determinação dos termos da série que representa os componentes espectrais das integrais de Fourier requer a inversão numérica de uma matriz esparsa e o método das aproximações sucessivas. Calculamos o termo de ordem zero da série para os componentes espectrais da camada de cobertura, para valores especificados dos parâmetros geométricos e elétricos do modelo. Este resultado permitiu determinar um valor aproximado da variação do campo elétrico no contato entre o ar e a camada de cobertura em uma direção perpendicular ao traço do dique. Os resultados demonstram a eficiência desta modelagem eletromagnética direta, e são fundamentais para a interpretação de levantamentos geofísicos com os métodos VLF e Magnetotelúrico
The analysis of the primary electromagnetic fields caused by steady state or transient electric current flowing along a current loop moving with a constant velocity below the sea surface has several applications. It supports the analysis of submarine physical data and it is useful for protecting ships from the threat of sea mines. The usual approach to the solution for the primary field starts from a hertz vector potential in the frequency domain due to a magnetic dipole. Subsequently it employs Fourier, Laplace, and Hankel transforms to describe the time variation of the primary electromagnetic induced field due to a loop. The result is applicable to both shallow and deep sea water environments. Because of the difference in velocity between source and receiver, a careful application of the convolution integral is necessary in order to adapt the source pulse solution to any type of transmitting current waveform. Furthermore, since the scattered field represents a fraction of the primary field, even minor differences in it caused by the differential velocity renders inadequate interpretation of EMI data.
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