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Inactivation of rabies virus is essential for rabies vaccine preparation where the inactivating compound that is currently recommended for rabies vaccine preparation is β-propiolactone (β-PL). This compound is considered better than phenol and formalin but it is expensive and potentially carcinogenic. Data revealed that Ascorbic acid (AA) with cupric ions could yield complete and irreversible inactivation of rabies virus without adversely affecting its antigenicity. Additionally, the results of testing the vaccine potency with the selected inactivating compounds were comparable (P<0.05), and ED50 was higher than the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The use of HemaGel (plasma substitute) for testing vaccine stabilization was compared with the currently used vaccine stabilizers (human albumin and lactose). HemaGel yielded better stability than the other tested stabilizers. Monitoring of cellular and humoral immune responses indicated that both the total IgG level against rabies vaccine and the IFN and IL5 levels obtained with the HemaGel-stabilized vaccines were higher than those obtained with human albumin- and lactose-stabilized vaccine candidates.

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Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that causes mortality because of significant neuropathology. It is widespread in neonatal infections. Although the neuroimmunopathogenesis of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) has been studied for many years, it is still not completely understood, showing the disease’s severity. The urge to write this chapter comes at this stage. The sections covered in this chapter show the pathogenesis that has been established and characterized so far. The involvement of astrocytes and microglia in the development of neuropathology, which begins with tachyzoites crossing the blood-brain barrier during acute infection, has been explored. The molecular mechanism between schizophrenia and TE has been thoroughly proven. Uncovering the molecular pathogenesis of TE is critical for both understanding neuropathology and elucidating the link between neuropsychiatric diseases. Each part covered here is expected to contribute to developing novel therapeutic agents for the treatment and maybe prevention of neuropathology. The pathogenesis of the steady progression of encephalitis has been meticulously revealed. Thus, this chapter will offer significant insight into developing novel treatments for all organisms suffering from this disease.