Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov., isolated from an estuarine sediment and emended description of the genus Arcobacter Two strains (JC83, JC84 T ) of obligately anaerobic, H 2 S-producing bacteria were isolated from estuarine sediment samples collected from Gangasagar, West Bengal, India. Cells were Gramstain-negative, non-motile rods. Both strains were positive for oxidase, negative for catalase, hydrolysed casein, reduced nitrate and utilized citrate. Both strains grew chemoorganoheterotrophically with optimal pH of 7-8 (range 7-10) and at 30 6C (range 25-37 6C). C 16 : 1 v7c, C 18 : 1 v7c, C 16 : 0 and C 12 : 0 were the major fatty acids of both strains with minor amounts of C 14 : 0 , C 12 : 0 3-OH and C 18 : 0 . Polar lipids of both strains included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified aminolipid (AL2), an unidentified phospholipid (PL2) and an unidentified lipid (L3). MK-6 was the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content of strains JC83 and JC84 T was 25.0 and 24.6 mol%, respectively. The strains showed DNA reassociation .85 % (86.0±0.5 %) (based on DNA-DNA hybridization). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, both strains were identified as belonging to the family Campylobacteraceae of the class Epsilonproteobacteria with Arcobacter marinus CL-S1 T (95.4 % sequence similarity) as their closest phylogenetic neighbour. On the basis of morphological, physiological and chemotaxonomic characteristics as well as phylogenetic analysis, strains JC83 and JC84 T are considered to represent a novel species, for which the name Arcobacter anaerophilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC84 T (5KCTC 15071 T 5MTCC 10956 T 5DSM 24636 T ). An emended description of the genus Arcobacter is provided.
Zooshikella marina sp. nov. a cycloprodigiosinand prodigiosin-producing marine bacterium isolated from beach sand
A green phototrophic bacterium (strain JA737 T ), which was oval-to rod-shaped, Gram-negative and motile, was isolated from mud of a stream in the Western Ghats of India. Strain JA737 T contained bacteriochlorophyll a, and the major carotenoid was neurosporene. The major quinone was Q-10 and the polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an unidentified aminolipid, two unidentified phospholipids and five unidentified lipids. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain clustered with members of the genus Rhodobacter belonging to the family Rhodobacteraceae of the class Alphaproteobacteria. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain JA737 T had highest sequence similarity with Rhodobacter capsulatus ATCC 11166 T (98.8 %), Rhodobacter maris JA276 T (97 %), Rhodobacter aestuarii JA296 T (96.7 %) and other members of the genus Rhodobacter (,96 %). However, strain JA737 T showed 22-55 % DNA-DNA relatedness with the above type strains. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular genetic evidence, strain JA737 T represents a novel species of the genus Rhodobacter, for which the name Rhodobacter viridis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JA737 T (5KCTC 15167 T 5MTCC 11105 T 5NBRC 108864 T ).
Descriptions ofT , JA447 and JA490) of red to reddish brown pigmented, rod-shaped, motile and budding phototrophic bacteria were isolated from soil and freshwater sediment samples from different geographical regions of India. All strains contained bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series. The major cellular fatty acid of strains JA310 T and JA531 T was C 18 : 1 v7c, the quinone was Q-10 and polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, an aminohopanoid and an unidentified aminolipid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that all strains clustered with species of the genus Rhodopseudomonas in the class Alphaproteobacteria. Strains JA531 T , JA447 and JA490 were genotypically (.80 % related based on DNA-DNA hybridization) and phenotypically closely related to each other and the three strains were distinct from strain JA310 T (33 % related). Furthermore, all four strains had less than 48 % relatedness (DNA-DNA hybridization) with type strains of members of the genus Rhodopseudomonas, i.e. Rhodopseudomonas palustris ATCC 17001 T
An electrogenic bacterium was isolated from a marine coral, designated as strain JC435 and its taxonomic status examined by using a polyphasic approach. Results from the 16S rRNA gene sequence study showed that the isolate belonged to the genus Rhodococcus and formed a cluster with Rhodococcus ruber KCTC 9806 (99.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Rhodococcus aetherivorans JCM 14343 (99.3 %), respectively. Genome relatedness based on DNA-DNA hybridization to the type strains of closest-related species was less than 30 % and the ΔTm of >7 °C, suggesting that strain represents a new species of the genus Rhodococcus. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c, C18 : 010-methyl and C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids of strain JC435 were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylinositol, three unknown phospholipids and an unknown amino lipid. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H2), with 8 % of MK-7(H2) and 2 % of MK-9(H2) as minor components. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, arabinose and galactose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars. Mycolic acids were detected. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain JC435 was 69.8 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic genotypic, physiological and chemotaxonomic analysis, strain JC435 is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus for which the name Rhodococcuselectrodiphilus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC435 (=KCTC 39856=LMG 29881=MCC 3659).
Strain JA430(T) is a Gram-negative, vibrioid to spiral shaped phototrophic purple sulfur bacterium isolated from anoxic sediment of a saltern at Kanyakumari in a mineral salts medium that contained 2% NaCl (w/v). Strain JA430(T) grows optimally at 5-6% NaCl and tolerates up to 12% NaCl. Intracellular photosynthetic membranes were of the lamellar type. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series are present as photosynthetic pigments. Major cellular fatty acids are C(18:1)ω7c, C(16:0), C(19:0)cycloω8c and C(16:1)ω7c/C(16:1)ω6c. Strain JA430(T) exhibits photoorganoheterotrophy and chemoorganoheterotrophy and requires para-aminobenzoic acid, pantothenate and pyridoxal phosphate for growth. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain JA430(T) forms monophyletic group in the genus Ectothiorhodospira. The highest sequence similarity for strain JA430(T) was found with the type strains of Ectothiorhodospira variabilis DSM 21381(T) (96.1%) and Ectothiorhodospira haloalkaliphila ATCC 51935(T) (96.2%). Morphological and physiological characteristics discriminate strain JA430(T) from other species of the genus Ectothiorhodospira, for which we describe this as a novel species, Ectothiorhodospira salini sp. nov. ( = NBRC 105915(T) = KCTC 5805(T)).
Two strains (JA266 T and JA333) of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, phototrophic, purple non-sulfur bacteria were isolated from a freshwater fish pond and an industrial effluent. Both strains were capable of phototrophic and chemotrophic growth. Bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series were present as photosynthetic pigments. The major fatty acid for both strains was C 18 : 1 v7c (.65 %), with minor amounts of 11-methyl C 18 : 1 v7c, C 16 : 0 , C 16 : 1 v7c and C 18 : 0 also present. Both strains have the lamellar type of intracellular photosynthetic membranes. Ubiquinone-10 (Q 10 ) and rhodoquinone-10 (RQ 10 ) were present as primary quinone components. Diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were the major polar lipids, while minor amounts of amino lipids (AL1, AL2) and an unidentified lipid (L1) were common to both strains. The DNA G+C contents of strains JA266 T and JA333 were 71.3 and 69.9 mol%, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis on the basis of T , respectively, and less than 96 % with other members of the genus Rhodoplanes. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two strains was 99.3 % and they exhibited high (84.7 %) relatedness based on DNA-DNA hybridization. Furthermore, both strains had less than 65 % DNA-DNA relatedness with the type strain R. serenus TUT3530 T . On the basis of phenotypic and genotypic data, it is proposed that strain JA266 T be classified as a novel species of the genus Rhodoplanes, with the species name Rhodoplanes piscinae sp. nov. The type strain of the proposed novel species is JA266 T (5JCM 14934 T 5KCTC 5627 T
A Gram-stain-positive, oxidase-negative, starch-hydrolysing, actinobacterium (strain JC82 T ) was isolated from a soda lake in Lonar, India. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies, strain JC82 T belonged to the genus Georgenia and was most closely related to Georgenia muralis 1A-C T (96.8 %) and other members of the genus Georgenia (,96.5 %). The DNA G+C content of strain JC82 T was 73.4 mol%. The cell-wall amino acids were alanine, glutamic acid and lysine with peptidoglycan type A4a. Polar lipids included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, an unidentified lipid (L1) and an unidentified glycolipid (GL3). The predominant isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-8(H 4 ). Anteiso-C 15 : 0 was the predominant fatty acid and significant proportions of iso-C 14 : 0 , C 14 : 0 , C 16 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 were also detected. Strain JC82 T produced thermostable alkaline amylase. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed a clear phenotypic differentiation of strain JC82 T from all other members of the genus Georgenia. Based on these data, strain JC82 T represents a novel species of the genus Georgenia, for which the name Georgenia satyanarayanai sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC82 T (5KCTC 19802 T 5NBRC 107612 T ).The alkaline Lonar Lake (19 u 589 360 N, 76 u 309 300 E) in India is a unique basaltic rock meteorite impact crater, ranking third in the world in terms of alkalinity. The lake is rich in bacterial diversity (Joshi et al., 2008;Wani et al., 2006), although at the time of writing, only two bacterial species isolated from the lake had validly published names (Indibacter alkaliphilus and Nitritalea halalkaliphila; Anil Kumar et al., 2010a, b). In this report, we describe a novel actinobacterium, strain JC82 T belonging to the genus Georgenia which was isolated from a sediment sample from Lonar Lake. The genus Georgenia was first proposed by Altenburger et al. (2002) with Georgenia muralis as the type species. At the time of writing, the genus Georgenia comprised six recognized species, including the recently described Georgenia daeguensis (Woo et al., 2012). The members of this genus are Gram-stainpositive, aerobic or facultative anaerobic, non-sporulating, oxidase-and catalase-positive, motile or non-motile bacteria with MK-8(H4) as the predominant menaquinone, anteiso-C 15 : 0 as the major fatty acid, lysine as the diagnostic cell wall amino acid and a polar lipid profile with diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol as major components (Tang et al., 2010). Strain JC82 T was isolated from a sediment sample collected from Lonar Lake in Maharashtra, India, using nutrient agar (Hi-Media) under aerobic conditions. Pure cultures were lyophilized and preserved at 4 u C. Morphological properties such as cell shape, cell size and motility were observed by phase-contrast light microscopy (BH-2; Olympus). The pH and temperature ranges for growth were examined in nutrient broth. Salt tolerance tests...
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