Yield and nutritive value of dual purpose winter cereals: green forage, silage or grain ABSTRACT -This study was carried out to evaluate 14 genotypes of six winter species for yield and nutritive value of early forage and silage or regrowth grain. The experiment was in a randomized complete block design with three replications, so that the plots consisted of seven 5.0 m-long rows spaced at 0.2 m. The seeding date was April in the three study years and fertilization followed the recommendations for the crops. During the tillering period and after cutting, urea was applied at the rate of 22.5 kg N/ha. Each plot was cut at a height of 7.0 cm from the soil to estimate the forage yield per genotype, when plants reached 30 cm height. Half the regrowth of each plot was used for silage and half for grain.Harvesting for silage was at the dough stage, from 30 to 35% DM. Nutritive value analyses were made using the near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. Rye BRS Serrano was superior for green forage, silage, and total forage yield (green forage + silage) and regrowth grain yield. However, for grain yield, BRS Serrano rye was similar to BRS 277 wheat, BRS 148 and BRS 203 triticales, UPF 18 oats, and BR 1 rye. It is possible to obtain early forage using genotypes of rye, wheat, barley, and triticale, producing equivalent forage yields to those obtained with black oats pasture. Embrapa 53 triticale and UPF 18 oats yielded more digestible green forage, but the silages had digestibility similar to barley silage.Key Words: digestibility, NDF, oats, rye, triticale, wheat IntroduçãoOs cereais de inverno incluem a aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.), o centeio (Secale cereale L.), a cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.), o trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e o triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack). Geralmente são utilizados para produção de grãos, para alimentação humana e animal, como forrageira constituintes de pastagens ou conservados R. Bras.

Background Wheat blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae Triticum (MoT) pathotype, is a global threat to wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) production. Few blast resistance ( R ) genes have been identified to date, therefore assessing potential sources of resistance in wheat is important. The Brazilian wheat cultivar BR 18-Terena is considered one of the best sources of resistance to blast and has been widely used in Brazilian breeding programmes, however the underlying genetics of this resistance are unknown. Results BR 18-Terena was used as the common parent in the development of two recombinant inbred line (RIL) F 6 populations with the Brazilian cultivars Anahuac 75 and BRS 179. Populations were phenotyped for resistance at the seedling and heading stage using the sequenced MoT isolate BR32, with transgressive segregation being observed. Genetic maps containing 1779 and 1318 markers, were produced for the Anahuac 75 × BR 18-Terena and BR 18-Terena × BRS 179 populations, respectively. Five quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with seedling resistance, on chromosomes 2B, 4B (2 QTL), 5A and 6A, were identified, as were four QTL associated with heading stage resistance (1A, 2B, 4A and 5A). Seedling and heading stage QTL did not co-locate, despite a significant positive correlation between these traits, indicating that resistance at these developmental stages is likely to be controlled by different genes. BR 18-Terena provided the resistant allele for six QTL, at both developmental stages, with the largest phenotypic effect conferred by a QTL being 24.8% suggesting that BR 18-Terena possesses quantitative resistance. Haplotype analysis of 100 Brazilian wheat cultivars indicates that 11.0% of cultivars already possess a BR 18-Terena-like haplotype for more than one of the identified heading stage QTL. Conclusions This study suggests that BR 18-Terena possesses quantitative resistance to wheat blast, with nine QTL associated with resistance at either the seedling or heading stage being detected. Wheat blast resistance is also largely tissue-specific. Identification of durable quantitative resistances which can be combined with race-specific R gene-mediated resistance is critical to effectively control wheat blast. Collectively, this work facilitates marker-assisted selection to develop new varieties for cultivation in regions at risk from this emerging disease.

RESUMO Os diferentes caracteres de importância econômica para a cultura da aveia estão correlacionados entre si em magnitude e sentido variado. Tal fato implica que a seleção realizada

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the world’s most important crops. Maintaining wheat yield gains across all of its major production areas is a key target toward underpinning global food security. Brazil is a major wheat producer in South America, generating grain yields of around 6.8 million tons per year. Here, we establish and genotype a wheat association mapping resource relevant to contemporary Brazilian wheat breeding programs. The panel of 558 wheat accessions was genotyped using an Illumina iSelect 90,000 single nucleotide polymorphism array. Following quality control, the final data matrix consisted of 470 accessions and 22,475 polymorphic genetic markers (minor allele frequency ≥5%, missing data <5%). Principal component analysis identified distinct differences between materials bred predominantly for the northern Cerrado region, compared to those bred for southern Brazilian agricultural areas. We augmented the genotypic data with 26 functional Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) markers to identify the allelic combinations at genes with previously known effects on agronomically important traits in the panel. This highlighted breeding targets for immediate consideration – notably, increased Fusarium head blight resistance via the Fhb1 locus. To demonstrate the panel’s likely future utility, genome-wide association scans for several phenotypic traits were undertaken. Significant (Bonferroni corrected P < 0.05) marker-trait associations were detected for Fusarium kernel damage (a proxy for type 2 Fusarium resistance), identifying previously known quantitative trait loci in the panel. This association mapping panel represents an important resource for Brazilian wheat breeding, allowing future genetic studies to analyze multiple agronomic traits within a single genetically diverse population.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important crops in the world. Brazil is one of the largest importers of this cereal, and wheat breeding programs are attempting to increase productivity and reduce external dependence. The objectives of this study were to quantify the spring wheat genetic gain in Brazil between 1984 and 2014 using data from multienvironment trials, and to verify if the genetic gain stagnated after the 2000s. This study used a highly unbalanced dataset containing grain yield (GY) data from 187 spring wheat trials that were performed at 25 locations between 2002 and 2015. In total, 126 cultivars, released between 1985 and 2014, were evaluated over 14 crop seasons. The cultivar evaluation indicated that there was a genetic gain in GY of 33.9 kg ha−1 yr−1 (r2 = 0.53, P < 0.01), which represents an increase of 1.28% yr−1. The dataset showed a linear regression for the genetic gain and indicates that wheat genetic gain has not stagnated in Brazil after the 2000s.

-In forty years of genetic breeding of wheat, Embrapa (Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation)

A análise da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade de genótipos de trigo auxilia o melhorista na recomendação de novas cultivares, indicando linhagens de adaptação ampla ou específica aos ambientes. Esse procedimento é particularmente importante para a cultura do trigo, principalmente levando em consideração a grande diversidade de ambientes a que o cereal é submetido no Brasil. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar genótipos de trigo com ampla adaptação e estáveis para recomendação. Os dados para as análises foram obtidos a partir do ensaio de Valor de Cultivo e Uso (VCU) estabelecido nas diferentes regiões de adaptação do Brasil, em 2003 e 2004. O delineamento experimental usado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 4 repetições. A variável analisada foi o rendimento de grãos. Para fins de comparação, foram usadas três cultivares como testemunhas: "CEP 24", "BRS 194" e "Ônix". Para a determinação da adaptabilidade e da estabilidade dos genótipos, foram usados os métodos descritos por Eberhart & Russel e por Lin & Binns. Quatro genótipos apresentaram ampla adaptabilidade e estabilidade (beta=1 e S²d=0) pelo método de Eberhart & Russel destes, dois não diferiram estatisticamente da melhor testemunha. Os coeficientes de determinação foram significativos e explicaram o comportamento de todos os genótipos avaliados (R²>80% e significativo). O modelo de Lin & Binns gerou resultados coerentes com o de Eberhart & Russel, para a maioria das linhagens avaliadas. Os genótipos PF 990313 e PF 980524 destacaram-se pela ampla adaptação e produtividade média, podendo ser recomendados para todas as regiões tritícolas do Brasil.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e os componentes de produção de trigo cultivado para grãos e duplo propósito em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP), em plantio direto. A produtividade de grãos dos dois tipos de trigo e os componentes de produção do trigo para produção de grãos foram avaliados nos anos agrícolas de 2003 a 2008, em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, em Coxilha, RS, nos sistemas de rotação: 1, trigo/soja e ervilhaca/milho; 2, trigo/soja e pastagem de aveia-preta/milho; 3, trigo/soja e pastagem de aveia-preta/soja; 4, trigo/soja e ervilha/milho; 5, trigo/soja, triticale de duplo propósito/soja e ervilhaca/soja; e 6, trigo/soja, aveia-branca de duplo propósito/soja e trigo de duplo propósito/soja. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Não houve diferença entre as médias dos componentes de produção (número de espigas, número de grãos por espiga e massa de grãos) do trigo para produção de grãos, nos diferentes sistemas ILP. Os sistemas 2, 3, 4 e 5 proporcionaram maior produtividade do trigo para grãos em comparação ao 6. Não há diferença significativa na produtividade de grãos, na massa hectolítrica e na massa de mil grãos, entre os trigos cultivados para produção de grãos e para duplo propósito.Termos para indexação: Triticum aestivum, componentes de produção, massa de mil grãos, massa hectolítrica, rotação de culturas. Agronomic performance of wheat cultivated for grain production and for dual-purpose under crop-livestock integration systemsAbstract -The objective of this work was to assess yield and yield components of wheat cultivated for grain production and for dual-purpose under no-tillage crop-livestock integration systems (CLIS). Grain yield of the two wheat types and yield components for the grain type were evaluated in the 2003 to 2008 growing seasons, in a Rhodic Hapludox, in Coxilha, RS, Brazil, in the following systems: 1, wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn; 2, wheat/soybean and black oat pasture/corn; 3, wheat/soybean and black oat pasture/soybean; 4, wheat/soybean and field pea/corn; 5, wheat/soybean, dual-purpose triticale/soybean, and common vetch/soybean; and 6, wheat/soybean, dual-purpose white oat/soybean, and dual-purpose wheat/soybean. A randomized complete block design, with four replicates, was used. There were no differences between CLIS in yield components (number of spikes, number of grains per spike, and grain mass) of wheat for grain production in differentes CLIS. The systems 2, 3, 4, and 5 showed higher yield of the grain-type wheat in comparison to 6. There are no significant differences in grain yield, hectoliter weight, and weight of 1,000 kernels between wheat cultivated for grain production and for dual-purpose.