The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Penicillium citreonigrum and citreoviridin present in rice samples from Maranhão State, Brazil, where an outbreak of beriberi was reported and 32 deaths occurred (7% of the notified cases died in 2006). The ability of P. citreonigrum to produce citreoviridin was assessed, and a total of 420 samples of 21 different kinds of rice were collected. Mycobiota isolation and identification, the ability of citreoviridin strains to produce toxin, and the natural occurrence of citreoviridin were established. Rice samples were found to have high fungal counts and showed increasing levels from 2004 to 2007 harvest years. The most frequent genus was Aspergillus followed by Penicillium and Cladosporium. Ten out of eleven strains of P. citreonigrum were able to produce citreoviridin. Three rice samples had levels of citreoviridin ranging from 12 to 96.7 ng g(-1), and two bran samples had levels of 128 and 254 ng g(-1). These samples contaminated with P. citreonigrum and citreoviridin were involved in the beriberi cases from Maranhão State. Monitoring rice for mycotoxins in areas where this substrate is the basic food is crucial to prevent outbreaks like the one reported in this study, to improve management practice, and to diminish exposure risk of humans to these harmful toxins.
Zebu () cattle, mostly of the Nellore breed, comprise more than 80% of the beef cattle in Brazil, given their tolerance of the tropical climate and high resistance to ectoparasites. Despite their advantages for production in tropical environments, zebu cattle tend to produce tougher meat than Bos taurus breeds. Traditional genetic selection to improve meat tenderness is constrained by the difficulty and cost of phenotypic evaluation for meat quality. Therefore, genomic selection may be the best strategy to improve meat quality traits. This study was performed to compare the accuracies of different Bayesian regression models in predicting molecular breeding values for meat tenderness in Polled Nellore cattle. The data set was composed of Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) of longissimus muscle from 205, 141, and 81 animals slaughtered in 2005, 2010, and 2012, respectively, which were selected and mated so as to create extreme segregation for WBSF. The animals were genotyped with either the Illumina BovineHD (HD; 777,000 from 90 samples) chip or the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler (GGP Indicus HD; 77,000 from 337 samples). The quality controls of SNP were Hard-Weinberg Proportion -value ≥ 0.1%, minor allele frequency > 1%, and call rate > 90%. The FImpute program was used for imputation from the GGP Indicus HD chip to the HD chip. The effect of each SNP was estimated using ridge regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), Bayes A, Bayes B, and Bayes Cπ methods. Different numbers of SNP were used, with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% of the markers preselected based on their significance test (-value from genomewide association studies [GWAS]) or randomly sampled. The prediction accuracy was assessed by the correlation between genomic breeding value and the observed WBSF phenotype, using a leave-one-out cross-validation methodology. The prediction accuracies using all markers were all very similar for all models, ranging from 0.22 (Bayes Cπ) to 0.25 (Bayes B). When preselecting SNP based on GWAS results, the highest correlation (0.27) between WBSF and the genomic breeding value was achieved using the Bayesian LASSO model with 15,030 (3%) markers. Although this study used relatively few animals, the design of the segregating population ensured wide genetic variability for meat tenderness, which was important to achieve acceptable accuracy of genomic prediction. Although all models showed similar levels of prediction accuracy, some small advantages were observed with the Bayes B approach when higher numbers of markers were preselected based on their -values resulting from a GWAS analysis.
Brazil has the second largest commercial beef cattle herd in the world, occupying a prominent position in the global beef market. Zebu cattle (Bos indicus) comprise more than 80% of the beef cattle in Brazil, and the vast majority of these animals are from Nellore breed, given their tolerance to tropical climate and high resistance to ectoparasites (Baldi et al., 2012). Despite their advantages for production in tropical environments, Zebu cattle tend to produce tougher meat than Bos taurus breeds (Reverter et al., 2003;Thrift & Thrift, 2002). Brazilian beef quality tends to be highly variable, due to a broad diversity of production environments and management systems, and to a large proportion of Zebu animals in
RESUMODois estudos foram realizados com vacas lactantes utilizadas como unidade experimental e doadoras de líquido ruminal, sendo as populações de bactérias utilizadas para avaliar a ação de níveis crescentes de lasalocida e monensina na resistência à perda de potássio intracelular, e para produção de gases in vitro. A perda de potássio (K max ) da lasalocida foi menor para a população de bactérias obtidas do líquido de rúmen de vacas submetidas a dietas com monensina, óleo de soja e monensina mais óleo de soja (19,4 a 25,4%) quando comparada com a perda de potássio em vacas submetidas a dietas sem ionóforo e óleo de soja (30,1%). O mesmo ocorreu para a perda de potássio da monensina, em que o menor valor foi de 6,5% para monensina mais óleo e o maior, de 29,5%, para o controle. Necessita-se de alta concentração de monensina (K d = 2,3µM), porém baixa de lasalocida (K d = 0,2µM) para causar a metade da perda máxima de potássio intracelular da população de bactérias do rúmen de vacas submetidas a dietas com monensina. As populações de bactérias de vacas submetidas às dietas com monensina foram sensíveis à lasalocida. As amostras incubadas com própolis produziram menor volume de gases (12,9ml/100g de MS).Palavras-chave: vaca, fermentação, lasalocida, monensina, potássio, produção de gases, ionóforo, própolis ABSTRACT Two studies were carried out with lactating cows as experimental units and ruminal fluid donors. The ruminal bacteria population was used to evaluate the action of increasing levels of lasalocid and monensin on resistance of intracellular potassium depletion and in vitro gas production intracellular depletion potassium (K max ) of lasalocid was lower to ruminal bacteria population obtained from rumen of cows fed diets with
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