The experimental objective was to validate an in vitro model to predict total-tract neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility in dairy cattle. Twenty-one diets from 7 studies conducted at University of Wisconsin-Madison were analyzed for in vitro fiber digestibility. Forages varied among diets (corn, alfalfa, tall and meadow fescue, and wheat straw silages) and nutrient composition (ranges: NDF = 22.5 to 33.8%; crude protein = 15.8 to 18.9%; nonfiber carbohydrates = 38.0 to 51.0%). Total-tract NDF digestibility (TTNDFD) observed in in vivo trials was determined using different markers as described in the individual studies. The in vitro TTNDFD model predicted total-tract fiber digestibility from the proportion of total NDF potentially digestible (pdNDF), rate of pdNDF degradation, and rate of passage of pdNDF. The model predicted TTNDFD similar to in vivo measurements. The relationship between TTNDFD measured in vivo and TTNDFD predicted by the in vitro assay was significant (R(2) = 0.68). The relationship between in vitro 30-h NDF digestibility values and in vivo total-tract NDF digestibility values was not significant, whereas in vitro 48-h NDF digestibility values were correlated (R(2) = 0.30) with in vivo TTNDFD measurements. Indigestible NDF (iNDF) showed a negative relationship (R(2) = 0.40) with TTNDFD in vivo. Each 1-percentage-unit increase of iNDF resulted in a decrease of 0.96 percentage units of total-tract NDF digestibility; however, iNDF by itself was not a good predictor of TTNDFD because of the difference among the means. This study showed that an in vitro TTNDFD model that uses iNDF, pdNDF, and rates of pdNDF digestion and passage can predict (R(2) = 0.68) total-tract NDF digestibility. Most importantly, we demonstrated the ability to predict total-tract fiber digestibility from a model based on in vitro NDF degradation, which could improve our ability to optimize forage utilization and milk production.

The effects of rumen digesta volume and pH on VFA absorption and its relation to rumen wall morphology were evaluated. Nine rumen cannulated cows formed 3 groups based on desired variation in rumen morphology: The High group was formed by Holsteins yielding 25.9 kg milk/d and fed on a high-grain total mixed ration (TMR); the Medium group by Holstein-Zebu crossbreds yielding 12.3 kg milk/d and fed on corn silage, tropical pasture, and a commercial concentrate; and the Dry group by nonlactating grazing Jerseys fed exclusively on tropical pasture. Within each group, a sequence of 3 ruminal conditions was induced on each cow in 3 × 3 Latin Squares, with 7-d periods: high digesta volume and high pH (HVHP), low volume and high pH (LVHP), and low volume and low pH (LVLP). Rumen mucosa was biopsied on the first day of Period 1. Ruminal morphometric variables evaluated were mitotic index, absorptive surface and papillae number per square centimeter of wall, area per papillae, papillae area as a percentage of absorptive surface, and epithelium, keratinized layer, and nonkeratinized layer thickness. There was marked variation in rumen morphology among the groups of cows. Grazing Jerseys had decreased rumen wall absorptive surface area and basal cells mitotic index, and increased thickness of the epithelium and of the keratin layer compared with cows receiving concentrates. Mean rumen pH throughout the 4 h sampling period was: 6.78 for HVHP, 7.08 for LVHP, and 5.90 for LVLP (P < 0.01). The capacity of the rumen wall to absorb VFA was estimated by the Valerate/CrEDTA technique. The fractional exponential decay rate for the ratio of valeric acid to Cr (k Val/Cr) was determined by rumen digesta sampling at 20-min intervals during 4 h, after the mixing of markers and the return of the evacuated ruminal content. The k Val/Cr values for treatments HVHP, LVHP, and LVLP were, respectively: 19.6, 23.9, and 35.0 %/h (SEM = 2.01; P = 0.21 for contrast HVHP vs. LVHP and P < 0.01 for contrast LVHP vs. LVLP). The k Val/Cr was faster under low pH, but decreasing digesta volume under high pH did not elicit such a response. The correlation between the absorptive surface area per square centimeter of rumen wall and the mean of the 3 k Val/Cr values of each cow was 0.90 (P < 0.01). Cows capable of maintaining a less-acidic rumen environment had greater inflow of water into the digestive cavity, had a more developed rumen mucosa, and were more efficient VFA absorbers.

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Pesquisas efetivas que avaliam a eficiência dos rebanhos bovinos na região Norte do Brasil são insipientes. Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar as mudanças genéticas aditivas diretas e maternais dos pesos padronizados para 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade, de animais da raça Nelore, criados a pasto, nascidos entre 1997 e 2007 na região Norte do Brasil. As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variâncias utilizadas no cálculo dos valores genéticos foram obtidas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita livre de derivadas (REML), usando o aplicativo MTDFREML. As tendências genéticas dos efeitos genéticos direto e maternal foram estimadas pela regressão, ponderada, das médias anuais dos valores genéticos dos animais. As estimativas das herdabilidade para P205, P365 e P550 foram 0,33; 0,51 e 0,41, com ganhos genéticos de 0,494, 1,229 e 1,500 kg ano-1 , respectivamente. Em virtude da variação genética existente, verificou-se que a seleção do rebanho na região Norte do Brasil tem enfatizado principalmente a seleção para peso pós-desmama, ressaltando-se que a seleção para estes pesos pode gerar ao longo dos anos, aumento nos custos de produção, da idade ao abate e acabamento dos animais, havendo assim, necessidade de seleção mais criteriosa para estas características. Palavras-chave: (co)variância, ganho genético, herdabilidade, zebu. Genetic trend for adjusted weight at 205, 365 and 550 days of age of Nellore cattle from Northern Brazil ABSTRACT. Effective researches assessing the efficiency of cattle herds in Northern Brazil are incipient. This study aimed to evaluate the direct additive and maternal genetic trends of weights adjusted to 205 (P205), 365 (P365) and 550 (550) days of age in Nellore animals raised on pasture, born between 1997 and 2007, from Northern Brazil. Estimative of (co)variance components used in the prediction of breeding values were obtained by derivative-free restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) using the MTDFREML program. The genetic trends of direct and maternal genetic effects were obtained by the regression of the annual average of predicted breeding values. The heritability estimates for P205, P365 and P550 were 0.33, 0.51 and 0.41, with genetic gain of 0.494, 1.229 and 1.500 kg year-1 , respectively. The genetic variance evidenced that the selection of cattle herds from Northern Brazil has mainly emphasized the selection for post-weaning. Along years, this selection for these weights can generate increase in production costs, of age at slaughter, and dressing of these animals. Therefore, there are need more judicious selection for these characteristics.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess genome-wide autozygosity in a Nellore cattle population and to characterize ROH patterns and autozygosity islands that may have occurred due to selection within its lineages. It attempts also to compare estimates of inbreeding calculated from ROH (FROH), genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), and pedigree-based coefficient (FPED).ResultsThe average number of ROH per animal was 55.15 ± 13.01 with an average size of 3.24 Mb. The Nellore genome is composed mostly by a high number of shorter segments accounting for 78% of all ROH, although the proportion of the genome covered by them was relatively small. The genome autozygosity proportion indicates moderate to high inbreeding levels for classical standards, with an average value of 7.15% (178.70 Mb). The average of FPED and FROH, and their correlations (− 0.05 to 0.26) were low. Estimates of correlation between FGRM-FPED was zero, while the correlation (− 0.01 to − 0.07) between FGRM-FROH decreased as a function of ROH length, except for FROH > 8Mb (− 0.03). Overall, inbreeding coefficients were not high for the genotyped animals. Autozygosity islands were evident across the genome (n = 62) and their genomic location did not largely differ within lineages. Enriched terms (p < 0.01) associated with defense response to bacteria (GO:0042742), immune complex reaction (GO:0045647), pregnancy-associated glycoproteins genes (GO:0030163), and organism growth (GO:0040014) were described within the autozygotic islands.ConclusionsLow FPED-FROH correlation estimates indicate that FPED is not the most suitable method for capturing ancient inbreeding when the pedigree does not extend back many generations and FROH should be used instead. Enriched terms (p < 0.01) suggest a strong selection for immune response. Non-overlapping islands within the lineages greatly explain the mechanism underlying selection for functionally important traits in Nellore cattle.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5060-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Age at first calving (AFC) plays an important role in the economic efficiency of beef cattle production. This trait can be affected by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, leading to physiological changes in response to heifers' adaptation to a wide range of environments. Genomewide association studies through the reaction norm model were carried out to identify genomic regions associated with AFC in Nellore heifers, raised under different environmental conditions (EC). The SNP effects for AFC were estimated in three EC levels (Low, Medium, and High, corresponding to average contemporary group effects on yearling body weight equal to 159.40, 228.6 and 297.6 kg, respectively), which unraveled shared and unique genomic regions for AFC in Low, Medium, and High EC levels, that varied according to the genetic correlation between AFC in different EC levels. The significant genomic regions harbored key genes that might play an important biological role in controlling hormone signaling and metabolism. Shared genomic regions among EC levels were identified on BTA 2 and 14, harboring candidate genes associated with energy metabolism (IGFBP2, IGFBP5, SHOX, SMARCAL1, LYN, RPS20, MOS, PLAG1, CHCD7, and SDR16C6). Gene set enrichment analyses identified important biological functions related to growth, hormone levels affecting female fertility, physiological processes involved in female pregnancy, gamete generation, ovulation cycle, and age at puberty. the genomic regions highlighted differences in the physiological processes linked to AFC in different EC levels and metabolic processes that support complex interactions between the gonadotropic axes and sexual precocity in nellore heifers. open Scientific RepoRtS | (2020) 10:6481 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63516-4 www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ pathway and gene network analyses from these results can be performed to uncover mechanisms whereby the environment can potentially affect the sexual precocity in cattle. Such knowledge regarding genomic regions and biological pathways involved with GxE interactions in Nellore heifers' sexual precocity is important to identify molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic responses to different environments. Hence, this study was carried out to evaluate the changes in the SNP effect estimates, as well as the biological processes associated with age at first calving in three environmental conditions, combining RN models and GWAS. Materials and Methodsethics approval. The animal procedures in this study were approved by Animal Care of the São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Agricultural and Veterinary Science Ethical Committee (protocol number 18.340/16). All the data sampling was performed in accordance with CEUA/ FCAV-UNESP guidelines and regulations.phenotypic and genotypic data. Age at first calving (AFC) records were obtained from 185,356Nellore heifers belonging to three commercial breeding programs (DeltaGen, Paint -CRV Lagoa and Cia de Melhoramento), which are p...