The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of ketamine and propofol on cytokines, antioxidant defense system, and neutrophil functions in dogs. A total of 24 dogs were used. Dogs were divided into two groups as ketamine and propofol. The ketamine group received ketamine (5 mg/kg) intravenously while the propofol group received propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously. Blood samples were collected before sedation and 30 minutes after induction. Serum antioxidant and cytokine levels were analyzed and neutrophil functions were determined. Respiration rate, serum malondialdehyde, IL-4, IL-6 levels, and phagocytic and chemotaxic activity of neutrophils were decreased (P=0.001, P=0.010, P=0.014, P=0.039, P=0.008, and P=0.037, respectively), oxygen saturation were increased (P=0.025) in the ketamine group. Serum IL-6 and IFN-γ level were decreased (P=0.015 and P=0.032 respectively), chemotactic activity of neutrophils were increased (P=0.049) in propofol group. The administration of ketamine was found to have a positive effect both on the antioxidant system and the neutrophil. On the other hand, positive and negative effects of propofol on different parts of the immune system were observed. Therefore, the results should should be taken into account when designing an anesthesia protocol for dogs to predict possible defense system reactions during the postoperative period.
Close to two dozen political parties ran in the elections. Five major parties with long experience and strong nationwide organisations had served in the outgoing parliament since 1999: The Democratic Left Party (DSP) of Bulent Ecevit, the National Action Party (MHP) of Devlet Bahceli and the Motherland Party (ANAP) of Mesud Yilmaz governed in coalition. The True Path Party (DYP) of Tansu Ciller and the Felicity Party (SP) of Recai Kutan were the major parliamentary opposition. All five were defeated.The SP was the last stronghold of the Islamist party tradition in Turkey that took formal shape in the 1960s. Islamist party organisation was banned by the military regime in the early 1980s. Return to civilian rule in a few years allowed it to re-organise itself under the
Turkey has been touched deeply by the geostrategic changes introduced into the international system by the end of the cold war and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. This article will present and analyze Turkish perceptions of its evolving security environment in the post-cold war era as it impacts Turkish interests and policies, with particular reference to the implications for Turkish security of the existing nuclear weapons and potential proliferation in regions and countries that are located near its borders [ 1]. The article will describe and analyze the impact of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on Turkish security perceptions and policies. It will review developments and trends in the Balkans and in the Middle East/Persian Gulf region as they impinge on Turkish security. Turkish attitudes toward nuclear energy, the nuclear option, and proliferation will also be discussed.
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