In this study, we compared the effects of xylazine, medetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with ketamine on heart rate, respiratory rate, blood gas values, temperature and sedation scores. A total of 30 dogs were evaluated. The dogs were randomly allocated into three anaesthesia groups, each of which included ten dogs. The first group, denoted the xylazine/ketamine group, intravenously received xylazine (0.5 mg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg) for induction. The second group, the medetomidine/ketamine group, intravenously received medetomidine (10 µg/kg) followed by ketamine (5 mg/kg). The third group received the dexmedetomidine/ketamine combination. This group intravenously received dexmedetomidine (3 µg/kg) for premedication and ketamine (5 mg/kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, blood gas parameters and temperature were recorded for all patients immediately before sedation onset (T<sub>0</sub>), five minutes after sedation onset (T<sub>1</sub>) and five minutes after endotracheal intubation following ketamine injection (T<sub>2</sub>). The end tidal carbon dioxide level was recorded at T<sub>2</sub>. A significant decrease in heart rate occurred following premedication in all groups. However, the decrease was most marked in the medetomidine/ketamine group. An increase was observed in venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide values at T<sub>2</sub> in the xylazine/ketamine group compared to the medetomidine/ketamine and dexmedetomidine/ketamine groups. The end tidal carbon dioxide levels were higher in the medetomidine/ketamine group than in the other two groups, and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin levels in the same group were found to be lower than in the others. It was determined that none of α<sub>2</sub>-agonists, namely xylazine, medetomidine or dexmedetomidine, had superior properties over the others. If medetomidine is used, special care should be taken because of the rapid decrease in heart rate.
The objective of the study is to investigate the effects of ketamine and propofol on cytokines, antioxidant defense system, and neutrophil functions in dogs. A total of 24 dogs were used. Dogs were divided into two groups as ketamine and propofol. The ketamine group received ketamine (5 mg/kg) intravenously while the propofol group received propofol (4 mg/kg) intravenously. Blood samples were collected before sedation and 30 minutes after induction. Serum antioxidant and cytokine levels were analyzed and neutrophil functions were determined. Respiration rate, serum malondialdehyde, IL-4, IL-6 levels, and phagocytic and chemotaxic activity of neutrophils were decreased (P=0.001, P=0.010, P=0.014, P=0.039, P=0.008, and P=0.037, respectively), oxygen saturation were increased (P=0.025) in the ketamine group. Serum IL-6 and IFN-γ level were decreased (P=0.015 and P=0.032 respectively), chemotactic activity of neutrophils were increased (P=0.049) in propofol group. The administration of ketamine was found to have a positive effect both on the antioxidant system and the neutrophil. On the other hand, positive and negative effects of propofol on different parts of the immune system were observed. Therefore, the results should should be taken into account when designing an anesthesia protocol for dogs to predict possible defense system reactions during the postoperative period.
Femoral fractures in cats are treated using pin and wires, lag screws, Rush pins, intramedullary threaded pins, interlocking pins, clamp rod internal fixators, and plates or plate-rods. In this study, 14 cats brought to the surgery clinic between the years 2010 and 2015 for fracture, due to either a road traffic accident or falling from a height, were evaluated. Following clinical and radiological examination of the cases, the type and location of the fracture, details of the applied fixation method, and postoperative clinical and radiological results were assessed. Localization of the fractures was as follows: 4 comminuted diaphyseal (1 segmental), 6 comminuted distal, and 4 uncomplicated distal transversal fractures. All fractures were closed. Following intramedullary positioning of the pins, rigid stabilization was observed in the fracture line. In the case of the segmental fracture, better stabilization was achieved when the medullary canal was completely filled. The patients were able to use their extremities 3-5 days after surgery and started walking normally from postoperative day 10. Functional healing was seen to improve gradually. Radiographic examination revealed sufficient calli to have formed between days 32 and 44. Complete healing and return to function with no complications was recorded in all the cases.
Walking analysis systems have begun to be used in veterinary medicine in recent years. The pressure-sensitive walkway is one of the systems through which we can obtain temporo-spatial and kinetic variables of walking. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the walking characteristics of English Setter dogs using a pressure-sensitive system. Twenty-five English Setter dogs were included in the study. Temporo-spatial and kinetic gait parameters were obtained with the pressuresensitive walkway system. Centre of pressure values were taken separately for the forelimbs and hindlimbs and were statistically analysed. The force values in the fore
Introduction Kangal and Akbaş shepherd dogs have been registered as breeds by the Turkish Standards Institution. Both breeds are used as shepherd dogs [1]. These two breeds are included in the class of strongly built dogs among dog breeds worldwide. However,, previous studies have reported that there are differences between these two breeds in terms of both growth characteristics and body characteristics. It has been reported that the Kangal shepherd dog is a more strongly built dog compared to Akbaş shepherd dogs [2]. Motion is defined as the change of location by an object. Motion analysis systems are used in assessing a motion numerically. Walking analysis is one of these systems. By means of the numerical results provided by walking analysis, the anomalies in walking or the disruptions that may not be noticed by veterinary physician are detected [3,4]. One of the most preferred applications of walking analysis is the video recording method. Assessments are made through images in the computer environment and information is obtained about the morphometry of walking. This method is used in the walking analysis of animals [5]. Also, markers are placed on the motion points of animals and data such as their step rate, distance, and number may be obtained [6]. Although this method is practical and cheap, the data obtained are limited and therefore this method is used as an auxiliary for other walking methods. In kinematic analyses, numerical data such as body movements, joint angles, and rates may be obtained. In this method, special cameras and computer systems are also used [7,8]. Also, by special devices placed on plantar, parameters such as the force values applied to the ground and step times may be obtained [9,10]. For the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases, electromyography may also be used in addition to walking analysis methods. With this method, assessments may be performed by combining the activities and kinetic and kinematic data of muscles during motion [11,12]. Walking plates, another example of walking analysis systems, are used with animals and plantar force values are obtained. Force platform and pressure-sensitive systems may be given as examples of these walking systems. Pressure-sensitive systems can measure the pressure
In this study, clinical status and treatment outcomes of 20 dogs, which were referred to Istanbul University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Surgery with the complaint of forelimb lameness and diagnosed with medial coronoid disease (MCD), were assessed. The diagnosis was made based on radiographic findings in 16 patients, on arthroscopic findings in 2 and on computed tomographic findings in other 2 patients. Arthrotomy aimed at removal of fragmented medial coronoid process and debridement of the surrounding tissues was carried out on a total of 20 elbow joints. Average functional recovery period after arthrotomy was 31 days and postoperative lameness scores on day 30 were "1" and "0" in 8 and 12 cases, respectively. Recovery rates on postoperative day 60 were detected to be moderate, good and very good in 9, 5 and 6 dogs, respectively. In the current study, treatment options were evaluated in the dogs with medial coronoid disease and the outcomes were aimed to be a contribution to veterinary practice.
Rotational deformities of the long bones affect various avian species. Tibiotarsal rotation may cause the leg to deviate up to 180° from the dorsoplantar axis in a matter of days, thus preventing the birds from walking freely and leading to the inability to stand. In this study, tibiotarsal rotation observed in pigeons and partridges was managed by creating a closed fracture in the tibiotarsus and then, following reduction, stabilizing it with an intramedullary tie-in Type 2 external skeletal fixation system. Functional healing was achieved in 12 pigeons (Columba livia domestica; mean healing time, 38 days) and 7 partridges (Alectoris chukar; mean healing time, 40 days). This treatment was successful. In small bird species (<1 kg), this simple and inexpensive surgical intervention may provide a highly effective method for the treatment of rotational deformities.
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