RESUMENUn total de 240 pollos broiler Hybro de 1 día de edad se dividieron en cuatro grupos. Estos grupos fueron alimentados con una dieta completa basada en maíz/soya, con y sin la adición de antibiótico promotor del crecimiento (AGP, Flavomycin ® , 15 PPM, Intervet), alimento microbiano dirigido (DFM, All-Lac ® 0,1%, Alltech Inc. USA) y Manano Oligosacárido (MOS) (Bio-MOS ® 2 kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA). Los pollos fueron introducidos en el experimento después de nacer. En el día 42 de ensayo todas las aves fueron sacrificadas en una planta de faenamiento y sus rendimientos al sacrificio fueron medidos. Muestras de intestinos con su contenido de 6 aves promedio, seleccionadas al azar de cada grupo (n = 24), fueron tomadas para su examen. Al final del ensayo, el peso corporal (BW) y la ganancia diaria promedio (ADG) de los pollos alimentados con las raciones que contenían Bio-MOS ® (1915,23 y 44,58 g), AGP (1869,40 y 43,50 g) y DFM (1855,50 y 43,17 g) fueron significativamente mayores que las de los pollos del grupo control (1815,67 y 41,96 g). Comparado con el grupo control (91,19 g), el consumo promedio diario de alimento (ADFI) también fue reducido significativamente en los grupos experimentales suplementados con Bio-MOS ® (81,84 g), DFM (83,50 g) o AGP (86,16 que g), lo cual disminuyó la relación de conversión (FCR) de 2,17 en el grupo control a 1,83, 1,93 y 1,98 kg, respectivamente. Una disminución significativa del pH del contenido intestinal en diversas partes del tracto gastrointestinal fue observada en los grupos de pollos suplementados con Bio-MOS (6,25, 6,50 y 6,78) y DFM (6,16, 6,46 y 6,72), comparado con los grupos control (6,55, 6,81 y 7,21) y adicionado de AGP (6,61, 6,87 y 7,14). El uso de DFM y de Bio-MOS ® aumentó la longitud y el ancho de las vellosidades intestinales y disminuyó la profundidad de criptas. El número de células caliciformes no se diferenció estadísticamente entre grupos experimentales. En conclusión, los grupos suplementados con Bio-MOS ® y DFM presentaron ventajas nutricionales, farmacológicas y económicas con respecto al grupo que incorporó un promotor de crecimiento antibiótico.

a b s t r a c tThe aim of this study was to determine how dietary supplementation of inorganic and organic selenium affects the selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity in blood and sperm of sexually mature stud boars. Twenty-four boars of the Large White, Landrace, Pietrain and Duroc breeds of optimal breeding age (on average 2.5 years old) were used. The study lasted 90 days. The boars were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups: T1 = control; no added selenium (n = 8 boars), T2 = added 0.3 ppm inorganic selenium (sodium selenite, Microgran ® Se 1% BMP) (n = 8 boars), and T3 = added 0.3 ppm organic selenium (Se-yeast, Sel-Plex 2000 ® ) (n = 8 boars). The concentration of selenium was determined in whole blood and semen, while the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was measured in blood plasma and semen. In order to measure GPx activity in semen, reactivation of the enzymatic GPx activity was performed. The determined selenium concentration in blood was lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. Blood plasma GPx activity was higher in boars fed organic selenium than in boars fed a diet without supplemented selenium. While the supplementation of sodium selenite significantly increased GPx activity in boar semen. The highest-concentration of selenium in semen at the end of the trial was determined in the group of boars supplemented with organic selenium, somewhat lower in boars fed supplemented inorganic selenium, and the lowest in the non-supplemented group of boars. The only significant difference between the selenite and Se-yeast diet supplementation was observed in the Se concentration of the semen. The supplementation of selenium affected semen quality, and organic selenium improved the progressive motility of the spermatozoa and increased their resistance in hypo-osmotic and thermal tests. The storage ability of short term preserved semen was improved by organic selenium supplementation, as well as also increasing the fertility rate in gilts.

How to Cite This ArticleMakivic L, Glisic M, Boskovic M, Djordjevic J, Markovic R, Baltic M, Sefer D: Performances, ileal and cecal microbial populations and histological characteristics in broilers fed diets supplemented with lignocellulose. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25 (1): 83-91, 2019. AbstractThe effect of dietary lignocellulose on broilers performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, pH of digesta and litter humidity after 28 and 42 days of the experiment was evaluated. A total of 384 Cobb500 chickens (initial weight: 41.88±1.56 g) were divided into 4 groups with 24 replications and fed with control diet (C), a control diet with added 0.4% of lignocellulose (T1), a diet with added 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal and maize (T2), and a diet supplemented with 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal (T3). T2 treatment significantly influenced body weight, weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). T2 and T3 treatment increased average LAB and Bifidobacterium spp. count, and decreased the number of Escherichia coli in the ileum and cecum, while differences in cecal Clostridium perfringens count among 0.4% and 0.6% treatments were not observed. Feeding the lignocellulose diet did not affect the relative weights of empty proventriculus, gizzard or intestines, but led to a decrease in pHs. T3 treatment caused an increase of the villi heights and significantly lower moisture content in the litter. Even though the addition of lignocellulose into broilers diet positively influenced performances, changes in intestinal microbiota and villi heights, based on the results of the present study, supplementation with 0.6% lignocellulose is recommended. ÖzDiyetteki lignoselülozun 28 ve 42 gün uygulama sonrası broiler tavuklarda performans, barsak mikrobiyatı, morfolojisi ve içerik pH'sı ile dışkı nemi üzerine etkileri değerlendirildi. Toplam 384 adet Cobb500 tavuk (ilk ağırlıkları: 41.88±1.56 g) 24 tekrar olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı ve kontrol diyet (C), %0.4 lignoselüloz ilaveli kontrol diyet (T1), soya fasulyesi ve mısır yerine %0.6 lignoselüloz ilaveli diyet (T2), soyafasulyesi yerine %0.6 lignoselüloz ilaveli diyet (T3) ile beslendi. T2 uygulaması vücut ağırlığı, ağırlık kazanımı, yem tüketimi ve yem konversiyon oranını anlamlı derecede etkiledi. T2 ve T3 uygulamaları ileum ve sekumda ortalama LAB ve Bifidobacterium spp. sayısını artırırken Escherichia coli sayısında azalmaya neden oldu. %0.4 ile %0.6 uygulamaları arasında sekum Clostridium perfringens miktarında ise fark belirlenmedi. Lignoselüloz ilaveli diyetle besleme proventrikulus, taşlık ve barsakların orantısal organ ağırıklarını etkilemezken pH'da azalmaya neden oldu. T3 uygulaması, villus uzunluklarında artmaya ve anlamlı derecede dışkının neminde azalmaya neden oldu. Broiler diyetine lignoselüloz ilavesi performans, barsak mikrobiyatası ve villus uzunluğunda pozitif etkilere neden olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda %0.6 oranında lignoselüloz kullanılması önerilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler...

Today, a few differing sources of selenium (Se), i.e. inorganic, organic, and nano forms of Se, are used as feed supplements for poultry. Published research indicates that nano-Se and organic Se possess comparable efficiency to inorganic Se in increasing GSH-Px activity of plasma and various tissues, but they deposit at higher rates in various tissues. However, there are principal differences in absorption mechanisms, metabolism, and efficiency of these three forms of Se. The aim of this review was to analyze the available literature on the effects of different Se sources and levels in the diet on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, tissue Se distribution and growth performance in poultry. Higher levels of Se increase GSH-Px activity in the body, but this reaches a plateau even if Se concentrations in diet increase further, while the deposition of Se in tissues increases as Se content in diet increases. In addition, many studies have shown the positive effects of adding Se to diet on growth performance in poultry. Optimal Se supplementation is necessary not only for good poultry health but also to ensure and preserve meat quality during storage and to provide human beings with this microelement.

The present study was conducted to assess effects of selenium (Se)-yeast supplementation on glutathione peroxidase activity, Se levels in tissues, growth performance, carcass, and meat composition in broilers. A total of 275 one-d-old Cobb 500 broilers of both sexes were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments during a 42-d period. The 5 treatments differed only in Se content: group 1 had no additional Se (background only); groups 2, 3, and 4 received 0.3 mg/kg of added Se from the beginning of the trial until d 21, whereas in the second half of the study (from d 22 to 42), these groups received 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 mg/kg of added Se, respectively; and group 5 received 0.9 mg/kg of Se for the entire experimental period. At the end of the study, the control group showed significantly lower (P < 0.01) glutathione peroxidase activity in blood plasma compared to Se-supplemented groups. Regarding Se concentration in various tissues, the groups receiving Se yeast showed higher plasma, feces, and meat Se contents than the control group (P < 0.01). Supplementation of Se improved broilers' body weight, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01). Dressing percentage was lower in the control group and the group with 0.3 mg/kg of added Se compared to other experimental groups (0.6 and 0.9 mg/kg of dietary Se). The proportion of less valuable carcass parts (wings and legs) was higher (P < 0.01) in the group fed the basal diet compared to groups supplemented with 0.9 mg/kg of Se. Initial and ultimate pH values differed among experimental groups (P < 0.05). Supplementation of Se improved the broiler's antioxidative resistance, growth performance, carcass quality, and chemical composition of meat.

Spontaneous colony formation from bone marrow megakaryocyte progenitors (BMsCFU-Mk) was studied in 24 patients with essential thrombocythaemia (ET), 20 patients with reactive thrombocytosis (RT), 20 patients with polycthaemia rubra vera with thrombocytosis (PRVtr), 16 patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia with thrombocytosis (CMLtr) and 18 normal control subjects (C). The culture medium which was used in the methylcellulose assay in vitro contained 30% of plasma from a single patient with hereditary haemochromatosis. Remarkable BMsCFU-Mk growth was recorded in all patients with ET but in none with RT or in C. BMs-CFU-Mk were present in 11/20 patients with PRVtr and 7/16 patients with CMLtr. Spontaneous bone marrow erythroid progenitors (BMsBFU-E) were also determined in these patients. BMsBFU-E were found in 21/24 patients with ET and none in the patients with RT and C. All patients with PRVtr and one patient with CMLtr showed BMsBFU-E. We conclude that our implementation of the in vitro methylcellulose assay allows the BMsCFU-Mk to be used as an unequivocal test for discrimination between ET and RT which has not been shown in previously published studies. In addition, we present evidence that in 10 patients BMsCFU-Mk and/or BMsBFU-E growth in the test persisted after long-lasting haematological remission.

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of heavy metals/metalloids (Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu, Fe, Zn, As) in the muscle tissue of fish from the Danube River (two locations: Zemun and Grocka). For the purpose of heavy metal determination in fish muscle, 120 samples of six different fish species, Prussian carp, barbel, bream, carp, pike perch, and catfish were collected. For determining heavy metals, we used microwave oven digestion and atomic absorption spectrometer methods. The highest average content of Pb (0.084 ± 0.004 mg kg), Cd (0.082 ± 0.003 mg kg), Hg (0.466 ± 0.006 mg kg), and As (0.333 ± 0.007 mg kg) was found in the muscle of carp (an omnivorous fish) from Grocka, while the highest average level of Fe (13.60 ± 0.03 mg kg) was deposited in bream (also omnivorous) from Zemun. Also, the average Cu level (1.62 ± 0.13 mg kg) was the highest in catfish muscle (a carnivorous fish) from Grocka, while the highest Zn content (11.16 ± 0.17 mg kg) was determined in muscle of Prussian carp (an omnivorous fish) from Zemun. The highest content of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, and Zn, respectively) in muscle of the six different types of fish from both locations was symmetrically arranged by species (catfish, barbel, and Prussian carp, respectively). Concentrations of Pb, Hg, and As in the Danube River fish muscle were under the maximum residual levels prescribed by the European Union (EU) and the maximum allowed concentrations (MAC) for Serbia. On the other hand, in all fish muscle from both locations (Zemun and Grocka), higher concentrations of Cd than prescribed (MAC) were found, with the exception of bream and pike perch.

Abstract:Grains have great agronomic and economic importance and they are one of the most important plants. Triticale is modern cereal grain, hybrid of wheat and rye, which inherited the ability of the rye to survive the high frosts, but has a higher protein value than rye, while higher grain yields and increased tolerance to diseases were inherited from wheat. The way in which triticale will be used depends on the characteristics of the variety. Triticale varieties of large and uniform grains which have more proteins then starch are used as concentrated feed for poultry, ruminants and nonruminants. Varieties that form large biomass, similar to rye, can be and are grazed, or harvested for silage or hay and straw. Triticale grain has nutritional value like wheat but with slightly more lysine amino acid. Triticale as a feed grain with good essential amino acid balance, minerals and vitamins is primarily included in livestock diets especially as an energy source. Depending on the type of domestic animal and meal, triticale can be used in significant percentage. The advantage of triticale over other cereals is that it has higher yields, a faster spring growth, and a longer mowing time as a green animal feed, than for example rays or oats. Because of all these advantages, triticale is suitable for planting especially in developing countries.