RESUMENUn total de 240 pollos broiler Hybro de 1 día de edad se dividieron en cuatro grupos. Estos grupos fueron alimentados con una dieta completa basada en maíz/soya, con y sin la adición de antibiótico promotor del crecimiento (AGP, Flavomycin ® , 15 PPM, Intervet), alimento microbiano dirigido (DFM, All-Lac ® 0,1%, Alltech Inc. USA) y Manano Oligosacárido (MOS) (Bio-MOS ® 2 kg/T, Alltech Inc. USA). Los pollos fueron introducidos en el experimento después de nacer. En el día 42 de ensayo todas las aves fueron sacrificadas en una planta de faenamiento y sus rendimientos al sacrificio fueron medidos. Muestras de intestinos con su contenido de 6 aves promedio, seleccionadas al azar de cada grupo (n = 24), fueron tomadas para su examen. Al final del ensayo, el peso corporal (BW) y la ganancia diaria promedio (ADG) de los pollos alimentados con las raciones que contenían Bio-MOS ® (1915,23 y 44,58 g), AGP (1869,40 y 43,50 g) y DFM (1855,50 y 43,17 g) fueron significativamente mayores que las de los pollos del grupo control (1815,67 y 41,96 g). Comparado con el grupo control (91,19 g), el consumo promedio diario de alimento (ADFI) también fue reducido significativamente en los grupos experimentales suplementados con Bio-MOS ® (81,84 g), DFM (83,50 g) o AGP (86,16 que g), lo cual disminuyó la relación de conversión (FCR) de 2,17 en el grupo control a 1,83, 1,93 y 1,98 kg, respectivamente. Una disminución significativa del pH del contenido intestinal en diversas partes del tracto gastrointestinal fue observada en los grupos de pollos suplementados con Bio-MOS (6,25, 6,50 y 6,78) y DFM (6,16, 6,46 y 6,72), comparado con los grupos control (6,55, 6,81 y 7,21) y adicionado de AGP (6,61, 6,87 y 7,14). El uso de DFM y de Bio-MOS ® aumentó la longitud y el ancho de las vellosidades intestinales y disminuyó la profundidad de criptas. El número de células caliciformes no se diferenció estadísticamente entre grupos experimentales. En conclusión, los grupos suplementados con Bio-MOS ® y DFM presentaron ventajas nutricionales, farmacológicas y económicas con respecto al grupo que incorporó un promotor de crecimiento antibiótico.

Relationships among different stress parameters (lairage time and blood level of lactate and cortisol), meat quality parameters (initial and ultimate pH value, temperature, drip loss, sensory and instrumental colour, marbling) and carcass quality parameters (degree of rigor mortis and skin damages, hot carcass weight, carcass fat thickness, meatiness) were determined in pigs (n = 100) using Pearson correlations. After longer lairage, blood lactate (p<0.05) and degree of injuries (p<0.001) increased, meat became darker (p<0.001), while drip loss decreased (p<0.05). Higher lactate was associated with lower initial pH value (p<0.01), higher temperature (p<0.001) and skin blemishes score (p<0.05) and more developed rigor mortis (p<0.05), suggesting that lactate could be a predictor of both meat quality and the level of preslaughter stress. Cortisol affected carcass quality, so higher levels of cortisol were associated with increased hot carcass weight, carcass fat thickness on the back and at the sacrum and marbling, but also with decreased meatiness. The most important meat quality parameters (pH and temperature after 60 minutes) deteriorated when blood lactate concentration was above 12 mmol/L.

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The stereochemistry of the bovine plasma amine oxidase catalyzed oxidation of 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-ethylamine (domapine) has been investigated by comparing 3H/14C ratios of 3,4-dibenzyloxyphenethyl alcohols, derived from 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehydes, to starting dopamines chirally labeled at C-1 and C-2. The oxidation of [2RS-3H]-, [2R-3H]-, and [2S-3H]dopamine leads to products which have retained 53, 59, and 47% of their tritium. Similarly, oxidation of [1RS-3H]-, [1R-3H]-, and [1S-3H]dopamine leads to an 80, 80, and 92% retention of tritium. The configurational purity of tritium at C-2 of dopamine and C-1 of the dopamine precursor 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylamine has been confirmed employing dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (specific for the pro-R hydrogen at C-2) and pea seedling amine oxidase (specific for the pro-S hydrogen at C-1). In addition, chromatographically resolved isozymes of bovine plasma amine oxidase have been demonstrated to lead to the same stereochemical result as pooled enzyme fractions. We have been able to rule out carbon interchange and tritium transfer in the ethylamine side chain of dopamine as the source of the apparent nonstereospecificity. Estimated primary tritium isotope effects are 1 for [2-3H]dopamines and 5--6 and 26--34 for [1R-3H]- and [1S-3H]dopamine, respectively. We propose the presence of alternate dopamine binding modes, characterized by absolute but opposing stereochemistries and differential primary tritium isotope effects at C-1.

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Three different forms of Cu powder particles obtained by either galvanostatic electrolysis or a non-electrolytic method were analyzed by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution (PSD). Electrolytic procedures were performed under different hydrogen evolution conditions, leading to the formation of either 3D branched dendrites or disperse cauliflower-like particles. The third type of particles were compact agglomerates of the Cu grains, whose structural characteristics indicated that they were formed by a non-electrolytic method. Unlike the sharp tips that characterize the usual form of Cu dendrites, the ends of both the trunk and branches were globules in the formed dendrites, indicating that a novel type of Cu dendrites was formed in this investigation. Although the macro structures of the particles were extremely varied, they had very similar micro structures because they were constructed by spherical grains. The Cu crystallites were randomly oriented in the dendrites and compact agglomerates of the Cu grains, while the disperse cauliflower-like particles showed (220) and (311) preferred orientation. This indicates that the applied current density affects not only the morphology of the particles, but also their crystal structure. The best performance, defined by the largest specific surface area and the smallest particle size, was by the galvanostatically produced powder consisting of disperse cauliflower-like particles.

Today, a few differing sources of selenium (Se), i.e. inorganic, organic, and nano forms of Se, are used as feed supplements for poultry. Published research indicates that nano-Se and organic Se possess comparable efficiency to inorganic Se in increasing GSH-Px activity of plasma and various tissues, but they deposit at higher rates in various tissues. However, there are principal differences in absorption mechanisms, metabolism, and efficiency of these three forms of Se. The aim of this review was to analyze the available literature on the effects of different Se sources and levels in the diet on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, tissue Se distribution and growth performance in poultry. Higher levels of Se increase GSH-Px activity in the body, but this reaches a plateau even if Se concentrations in diet increase further, while the deposition of Se in tissues increases as Se content in diet increases. In addition, many studies have shown the positive effects of adding Se to diet on growth performance in poultry. Optimal Se supplementation is necessary not only for good poultry health but also to ensure and preserve meat quality during storage and to provide human beings with this microelement.

How to Cite This ArticleMakivic L, Glisic M, Boskovic M, Djordjevic J, Markovic R, Baltic M, Sefer D: Performances, ileal and cecal microbial populations and histological characteristics in broilers fed diets supplemented with lignocellulose. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 25 (1): 83-91, 2019. AbstractThe effect of dietary lignocellulose on broilers performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, pH of digesta and litter humidity after 28 and 42 days of the experiment was evaluated. A total of 384 Cobb500 chickens (initial weight: 41.88±1.56 g) were divided into 4 groups with 24 replications and fed with control diet (C), a control diet with added 0.4% of lignocellulose (T1), a diet with added 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal and maize (T2), and a diet supplemented with 0.6% of lignocellulose at the expense of soybean meal (T3). T2 treatment significantly influenced body weight, weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR). T2 and T3 treatment increased average LAB and Bifidobacterium spp. count, and decreased the number of Escherichia coli in the ileum and cecum, while differences in cecal Clostridium perfringens count among 0.4% and 0.6% treatments were not observed. Feeding the lignocellulose diet did not affect the relative weights of empty proventriculus, gizzard or intestines, but led to a decrease in pHs. T3 treatment caused an increase of the villi heights and significantly lower moisture content in the litter. Even though the addition of lignocellulose into broilers diet positively influenced performances, changes in intestinal microbiota and villi heights, based on the results of the present study, supplementation with 0.6% lignocellulose is recommended. ÖzDiyetteki lignoselülozun 28 ve 42 gün uygulama sonrası broiler tavuklarda performans, barsak mikrobiyatı, morfolojisi ve içerik pH'sı ile dışkı nemi üzerine etkileri değerlendirildi. Toplam 384 adet Cobb500 tavuk (ilk ağırlıkları: 41.88±1.56 g) 24 tekrar olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı ve kontrol diyet (C), %0.4 lignoselüloz ilaveli kontrol diyet (T1), soya fasulyesi ve mısır yerine %0.6 lignoselüloz ilaveli diyet (T2), soyafasulyesi yerine %0.6 lignoselüloz ilaveli diyet (T3) ile beslendi. T2 uygulaması vücut ağırlığı, ağırlık kazanımı, yem tüketimi ve yem konversiyon oranını anlamlı derecede etkiledi. T2 ve T3 uygulamaları ileum ve sekumda ortalama LAB ve Bifidobacterium spp. sayısını artırırken Escherichia coli sayısında azalmaya neden oldu. %0.4 ile %0.6 uygulamaları arasında sekum Clostridium perfringens miktarında ise fark belirlenmedi. Lignoselüloz ilaveli diyetle besleme proventrikulus, taşlık ve barsakların orantısal organ ağırıklarını etkilemezken pH'da azalmaya neden oldu. T3 uygulaması, villus uzunluklarında artmaya ve anlamlı derecede dışkının neminde azalmaya neden oldu. Broiler diyetine lignoselüloz ilavesi performans, barsak mikrobiyatası ve villus uzunluğunda pozitif etkilere neden olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda %0.6 oranında lignoselüloz kullanılması önerilmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler...