This research analyses, from a Post-Kaleckian perspective, the interactions among the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages in the Brazilian economy from 1960 to 2011. It adopts the longstanding perspective that demand is the driver of capital accumulation and economic growth. The research comprises the following steps: i) a critical assessment of the growth regime literature, with a particular emphasis on issues related to productivity and the real exchange rate; ii) understanding the relationship between the real exchange rate and the productivity and growth regimes; iii) proposing a theoretical model that relates the real exchange rate, productivity and the growth regime; and iv) an empirical test of the interaction between the real exchange rate, productivity and the growth regime. Theoretically the study develops a model showing the interactions between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages. Furthermore, this research attempts to address the lack of theoretical and empirical studies about the relationship between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages.
The international financial crisis in the American economy in 2008 brought again to the fore an economic discussion on the origin of crises. Previously, only the 1929 accident had such magnitude, putting in discussion the economic policies adopted until then, raising the economic debate between several economic schools of thought. The effects of the crisis were notorious about the financial markets, but also hit hard the real economy, especially the productive sector, such as industry and services. Indeed, the consequences on employment, income and on the level of trade were not only felt by the American economy, but also in other countries. Starting from this context, this article aims to describe the propelling elements and the forms of theoretical manifestation of the crises under a marxist perspective, seeking to understand the origins of this phenomenon from the marxist stream, as well as discourse about the 2008 crisis and its developments on the American economy. Therefore, it makes use of economic indicators on the evolution of prices and sale of real estate in the United States, growth rate of gross domestic product and employment and income between 2000 and 2010. The methodology also includes the arguments on the capital bearer of interest and fictitious capital in addition to the role of the rate of profit, exposed in the Marxist conception of the origin of financial crises. As a result, it can be seen that the fictitious capital dominates economic and political relations so that the crisis has its origin on capital and not in the productive sphere.
The agroecological products market has increased substantially worldwide in recent decades. As a traditional agricultural country, Brazil has followed this trend and has increased the production of certified organic products in recent years. In addition, the country is one of the largest consumer markets in Latin America. This study aims to measure the effects of organic production on the economic development of municipalities through spatial analysis and econometric methodologies. Thus, it estimates the impact of organic production hotspots on the 2017 gross domestic product of Brazilian municipalities and the agriculture gross value added. The results indicate that the organic hotspots had a positive effect on both variables. Therefore, the results corroborate incentives for organic production as an alternative for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector.
A literatura que versa sobre capital humano argumenta que a educação possui um efeito positivo na produtividade do fator trabalho, o que resulta em aumento no nível de salários. Com efeito, coeteris paribus, o aumento da escolaridade relete no aumento do produto e pode contribuir na redução na desigualdade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se há uma relação inversa entre a desigualdade de renda e educação para as Unidades Federativas do Brasil no período de 1995 e 2009. Para tanto, parte da metodologia econométrica de dados de painel com indicadores de desigualdade de renda e educação, além da renda domiciliar per capita. Os resultados obtidos vão no mesmo sentido que diversas evidências sobre o tema ao indicarem que as variáveis renda e educação são inversamente correlacionadas com a desigualdade de renda, sendo os resultados estatisticamente signiicantes.
Gerais (Brazil). Marco Flávio Cunha Resende wishes to thank CNPq and FAPEMIG for the financial support.
Este estudo objetivou analisar o impacto da Emenda Constitucional nº 95/2016 de restrição de gastos públicos sob o orçamento da Universidade Federal do Pará. Tendo como objetivos específicos: i) descrever as principais receitas do Governo Federal considerando os anos de 2010:01 a 2021:03; ii) analisar o orçamento da Universidade Federal do Pará considerando os anos de 2010 a 2019; e iii) especificar os elementos que demonstre os impactos no orçamento da Universidade Federal do Pará. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, a pesquisa é caracterizada como pesquisa descritiva de cunho quantitativo. Para obtenção dos dados relacionados às receitas do Governo Federal foi utilizada a base de dados IPEADATA. Em relação aos dados da Universidade Federal do Pará, os mesmos foram obtidos por meio dos anuários estatísticos disponibilizados pela instituição. Nos resultados foi constatado que ao longo dos anos a Universidade Federal do Pará vem sofrendo cortes maciços em seu orçamento devido a falácia dos governos que houve aumento nos gastos públicos e uma queda na arrecadação onde tal medida tem afetado o funcionamento da instituição.
Resumo: Diante da crise financeira instalada nas economias dos Estados Unidos e dos países europeus, a partir de 2008, coube aos países da América Latina a adoção de estratégias, em nível macroeconômico, que contivessem possíveis efeitos dessa crise em suas economias. Nesse esforço, Brasil e Uruguai lançaram mão de instrumentos de políticas monetárias, dado o entendimento particular da magnitude da crise em questão sobre suas economias. Nessa perspectiva, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é analisar quais foram as medidas adotadas por esses dois países, a saber, Brasil e Uruguai, diante da crise econômica vigente, levando em consideração o sistema de metas de inflação adotado por ambos e quais foram os desempenhos econômicos obtidos, posteriormente medidos sob as variáveis produto interno bruto, inflação, taxa de juros e taxa de câmbio. A análise comparativa indica que a incerteza desempenha um papel relevante na determinação da meta inflação estabelecida pelo país e contribui na determinação de políticas que afetam o resultado do produto da Economia.Palavras-Chave: Crise financeira. Economia Brasileira. Economia Uruguaia. The international Finance Crises and it effects on different target inflation regimes:Analyzing the Brazilian and Uruguayan economies Abstract: Through the 2008 financial crisis that emerged in U.S and European countries, Latin American countries have adopted strategies on macroeconomics fields that restrained possible effects of this crisis on their economies. In this effort, Brazil and Uruguay call upon instruments of monetary and exchange policies, given the particular understanding of the magnitude of the crisis over their economic. Thus, the main goal of this research is scrutinize what kind of measures has adopted by this two countries in this financial crisis, mainly in relation to the inflation target regime, which both countries has embraced, and what was the economic performance in some economics variables regarding the GDP, inflation, interest and exchange rates. The comparative analysis indicates that uncertainty plays a major role in determining the inflation target set by the country, also contributes in setting policies which affect the result of the product of the economy.
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