This research analyses, from a Post-Kaleckian perspective, the interactions among the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages in the Brazilian economy from 1960 to 2011. It adopts the longstanding perspective that demand is the driver of capital accumulation and economic growth. The research comprises the following steps: i) a critical assessment of the growth regime literature, with a particular emphasis on issues related to productivity and the real exchange rate; ii) understanding the relationship between the real exchange rate and the productivity and growth regimes; iii) proposing a theoretical model that relates the real exchange rate, productivity and the growth regime; and iv) an empirical test of the interaction between the real exchange rate, productivity and the growth regime. Theoretically the study develops a model showing the interactions between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages. Furthermore, this research attempts to address the lack of theoretical and empirical studies about the relationship between the aggregate demand, the real exchange rate, productivity and real wages.
The international financial crisis in the American economy in 2008 brought again to the fore an economic discussion on the origin of crises. Previously, only the 1929 accident had such magnitude, putting in discussion the economic policies adopted until then, raising the economic debate between several economic schools of thought. The effects of the crisis were notorious about the financial markets, but also hit hard the real economy, especially the productive sector, such as industry and services. Indeed, the consequences on employment, income and on the level of trade were not only felt by the American economy, but also in other countries. Starting from this context, this article aims to describe the propelling elements and the forms of theoretical manifestation of the crises under a marxist perspective, seeking to understand the origins of this phenomenon from the marxist stream, as well as discourse about the 2008 crisis and its developments on the American economy. Therefore, it makes use of economic indicators on the evolution of prices and sale of real estate in the United States, growth rate of gross domestic product and employment and income between 2000 and 2010. The methodology also includes the arguments on the capital bearer of interest and fictitious capital in addition to the role of the rate of profit, exposed in the Marxist conception of the origin of financial crises. As a result, it can be seen that the fictitious capital dominates economic and political relations so that the crisis has its origin on capital and not in the productive sphere.
The agroecological products market has increased substantially worldwide in recent decades. As a traditional agricultural country, Brazil has followed this trend and has increased the production of certified organic products in recent years. In addition, the country is one of the largest consumer markets in Latin America. This study aims to measure the effects of organic production on the economic development of municipalities through spatial analysis and econometric methodologies. Thus, it estimates the impact of organic production hotspots on the 2017 gross domestic product of Brazilian municipalities and the agriculture gross value added. The results indicate that the organic hotspots had a positive effect on both variables. Therefore, the results corroborate incentives for organic production as an alternative for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector.
A literatura que versa sobre capital humano argumenta que a educação possui um efeito positivo na produtividade do fator trabalho, o que resulta em aumento no nível de salários. Com efeito, coeteris paribus, o aumento da escolaridade relete no aumento do produto e pode contribuir na redução na desigualdade. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se há uma relação inversa entre a desigualdade de renda e educação para as Unidades Federativas do Brasil no período de 1995 e 2009. Para tanto, parte da metodologia econométrica de dados de painel com indicadores de desigualdade de renda e educação, além da renda domiciliar per capita. Os resultados obtidos vão no mesmo sentido que diversas evidências sobre o tema ao indicarem que as variáveis renda e educação são inversamente correlacionadas com a desigualdade de renda, sendo os resultados estatisticamente signiicantes.
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