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A first phylogenetic hypothesis is proposed for Protopolybia Ducke, 1905 based on cladistic analysis of 31 species. New evidence in support of monophyly of the genus is presented. A revision of the Protopolybia exigua species-group is also presented. Protopolybia diligens (Smith, 1857), stat. resurr. is revalidated. Four new species are described: P. collombiana Santos, Silveira & Carpenter, sp. nov., P. clypeata Santos, Silveira & Carpenter, sp. nov., P. similis Santos, Silveira & Carpenter, sp. nov., and P. potiguara Santos, Silveira & Carpenter, sp. nov. Protopolybia holoxantha (Ducke, 1904) and P. rubrithorax Bequaert, 1944 are redescribed. New synonymy is proposed for P. bituberculata Silveira & Carpenter, 1995 =Polybia nana Cameron, 1912 (nom. praeocc., nec de Saussure 1863), syn. nov. New records and description of the male genitalia are provided for some of the species of the P. exigua species-group.

Nest architecture is such a splendid product of social wasp behavior, there being a large diversity of nest types in the Neotropical fauna. Charterginus is a small wasp genus with six species recorded from Honduras through South America, and one species C. fulvus is notable for normally making nests with a very peculiar star shape. Few behavioral traits of this genus have been described, an exception being a record of cleptobiosis between Charterginus species and Azteca ants on Cecropia trees in Amazonia and Central America. Here we describe behavioral traits of C. fulvus related to the construction process of the nest envelope and the materials used, discussing the apparent dependency of this wasp species on resources provided by Cecropia trees. Experimental induction of reconstruction of the envelope resulted in a different oval regular shape, without the characteristic hollow points. Evidence is also presented of the use by this wasp of lichen components to make the white spots typically seen on nests.

Two more social wasp species (Vespidae, Polistinae) collect mullerian bodies from Cecropia trees (Urticaceae) IntroductionAssociations between plants and insects have long been known to science and may be among the oldest coevolved systems on our planet (Bronstein et al., 2006;Mishra et al., 2015). The evolution of both specific and generalist interactions has certainly facilitated great diversification among both plants and insects (Kasting & Catling, 2003). The Neotropical genus Cecropia Loefling (Cecropieae, Urticaceae) is commonly a participant in plant-insect mutualistic associations (Weiblen & Treiber 2015), with a large majority of its species (ca. 70) being myrmecophytic and developing specialized structures for sheltering ants (mostly the genus Azteca Roger; Dolichoderinae) (Treiber et al., 2016). Cecropia trees provide nesting domatia and food bodies (Mullerian bodies -MBds) produced by "trichilia" (sing. trichilium; pad-like organs located on the base of the leaf petiole) (Oliveira et al., 2015), and on the leaves (Gonçalves-Sousa & Paiva, 2016). In exchange, ants provide nutrients to the plants and help protect them against herbivory. AbstractThe interactive behaviors of two species of social wasps, Protopolybia chartergoides (Gribodo) and Charterginus fulvus Fox with Cecropia obtusifolia (Cecropiaceae) are described. The use of Cecropia Müllerian bodies by both wasps is also described, as well as the distribution of this trait in Protopolybia and Charterginus.

A new species of Neotropical social wasp, Protopolybia lidiae Santos & Silveira, sp. nov. (Brazil: Pará) is described and illustrated. The hitherto unknown male of P. minutissima (Spinola, 1851) and the nest of P. clypeata Santos, Silveira & Carpenter, 2015, are described. Additional information on nest variation and new collection records are presented for other species of the exigua species-group.

The genus Protopolybia Ducke was analyzed using a multilocus phylogenetic approach, which confirmed its monophyly. In contrast with the arrangements derived solely from morphological data, however, this analysis divides the genus into only two major clades. The study also presents divergence times for the origin and diversification of Protopolybia, which are related to possible vicariant events occurring in the Amazon biome.

Este trabalho apresenta uma pesquisa realizada nas aulas de matemática na Escola Padre Paulo Roberto de Oliveira, para verificar e identificar quais as contribuições do programa PROLCARIRI em sala de aula. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar quais as contribuições do programa PROLCARIRI em sala de aula. Assim,buscamos analisar as tarefas realizadas em sala de aula, com a essência do trabalho em grupos interativos, em que os alunos construíram seus conhecimentos a partir de discussões entre seus pares sob a supervisão de um voluntario lhe deu‘pistas’ sobre o objeto de ensino. Além disso,o trabalho com a inserção de um esporte olímpico –Judô –quena prática se mostrouimportante para a educação, trazendo inúmeros benefícios, tanto para o físico quanto para a mente. A metodologia se deu através de observações sistemáticas e entrevistas por observação participante, com o uso de gravador e diário de campo. Os dados coletados foram analisados de forma descritiva e interpretativa, uma vez que é caracterizada pela a observação dos fatos. Esses dados nos apontam,que as atividades realizadas foram relevantes para aprendizagem dos alunos, além de contribuir bastante para o desenvolvimento das relações sociais e respeito ao próximo.

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