Abstract:The increasing public attention on green products prompted firms and government to focus on the design and manufacturing of these products. This study focuses on a supply chain system that consists of three members, namely, supplier, manufacturer, and government, and then investigates the effects of government subsidies on social welfare and the profits of supply chain members. We utilize game and optimization theories to calculate and compare the optimal decisions and profits of players in the following scenarios: (i) the government provides a subsidy rate to the cost of manufacturer's greenness efforts (first subsidy policy); and (ii) the government grants a per unit subsidy to the manufacturer for the demand for green product (second subsidy policy). We also derive the necessary condition for the most effective subsidy policy that maximizes expected social welfare and profits. Our analysis derives the following findings: (i) under the first subsidy policy, the government tends to provide high subsidy rate to a manufacturer with low marginal profit; (ii) under the second subsidy policy, the government tends to offer low subsidy to a manufacturer with low marginal profit; and (iii) a government's selection of subsidy policy depends on the sensitivity of consumers to price.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Exploring advanced electrocatalysts for overall water/seawater splitting is significant to massive green hydrogen production. Here, we report a novel self-sacrificing template strategy to fabricate a heterostructured NiMoO 4 @NiFeP electrode with superwetting properties as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water/seawater splitting. Such an electrode exhibits superior intrinsic activity, more accessible active sites, effective charge transfer, and weak adhesion of gas bubbles. Its excellent corrosion resistance and superhydrophilic/superaerophobic nanoarrayed architecture ensure its catalytic performance under harsh seawater conditions. Accordingly, the electrode requires overpotentials of only 282 and 195 mV at 100 mA cm −2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 1 M KOH seawater together with its robust durability. Operando Raman spectroscopy together with ex situ characterization technologies reveal that NiMoO 4 @NiFeP was rapidly reconstructed to active Fe-doped β-Ni oxyhydroxides (β-Fe/NiOOH) during alkaline OER. Density functional theory calculations further disclose that Fe doping can optimize the energy barrier and modulate the d-band center of the catalyst, intrinsically boosting the OER performance. Consequently, the NiMoO 4 @NiFeP-assembled electrolyzer requires a voltage of 1.71 V at 100 mA cm −2 for seawater splitting and can stably maintain over 200 h without producing any hypochlorite. Our work holds great promise for constructing efficient non-noble-metal bifunctional electrodes toward water/seawater electrolysis applications.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract