research has started to explore the associations between social support and wellbeing among children and adolescents, but the overall relationship is still unclear. this study explored: (1) the overall association between social support and well-being, (2) the association differences among categories of well-being, (3) the association differences among different types of social support measures, (4) the association differences among different support sources, and (5) whether the association between social support and well-being changed with participants' age. two hundred forty-six studies were collected and analyzed, and the results indicated a positive but small association between social support and well-being. Additionally, moderator analyses indicated that social support was more strongly associated with self-concept, perceived support was more strongly associated with well-being, support from teachers and school personnel was more strongly associated with well-being, and the association between social support and wellbeing increased with age. the implications and possible applications of the relationship between social support and well-being among children and adolescents are discussed.

Two meta-analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which pressure from the mass media to conform to the muscular "ideal" male body affects men's self-images (i.e., body satisfaction, body esteem, and self-esteem). A total of 25 studies contributing 93 effect sizes were included in two meta-analyses, which revealed that pressure from the mass media was significantly related to men feeling worse about their own bodies. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the correlational studies (Study 1) was significantly negative, d =-0.19, p < .001. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the experimental studies (Study 2) was also significantly negative, d =-0.22, p < .0001. Results from both Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that as men felt pressure from the mass media (in correlational and experimental designs) they felt worse about their bodies. Results showed that pressure from the mass media was related to body satisfaction, body esteem, self-esteem, psychological disorders (e.g., depression), and behavioral outcomes (e.g., excessive exercising). "It's [a muscular ad] so obviously aimed at the American culture. The American way of thinking-Everything BIG." (Elliot & Elliot, 2005, p. 13) Contemporary American culture heavily emphasizes the human body and its appearance. The mass media often uses sexual images and scantily clad models to sell their products. For example, beer commercials use barely dressed women to sell their beer, while gym equipment commercials sell their products by displaying muscular 279 279

The amount of help given to Blacks versus Whites is often assumed to reflect underlying levels of racism (or lack thereof). This meta-analysis assessed discrimination against Blacks in helping studies. The overall effect size for the 48 hypothesis tests did not show universal discrimination against Blacks (d = .03, p = .103). However, consistent with the predictions of aversive racism, discrimination against Blacks was more likely when participants could rationalize decisions not to help with reasons having nothing to do with race. Specifically, when helping was lengthier, riskier, more difficult, more effortful, and when potential helpers were further away from targets, less help was given to Blacks than to Whites. Interestingly, discrimination against Blacks was shown when there were higher levels of emergency. This suggests that discrimination may occur when the ability to control prejudicial responding is inhibited, or when the arousal of the emergency is misattributed to intergroup anxiety.

A meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between contact and sexual prejudice. A quantitative synthesis with 83 effect sizes from 41 articles, using mostly samples from the United States, showed a significant negative relationship between contact and sexual prejudice. Among six possible moderators tested (type of sexual prejudice scale used, correlational versus experimental studies, attitudes toward lesbians versus gay men, publication year, quality of study, and where study was conducted), three were shown to significantly moderate the relationship between contact and sexual prejudice. The relationship between contact and sexual prejudice varied as a function of the type of sexual prejudice measure used, the target group toward which the prejudicial attitudes were assessed, and where the study was conducted.

Although sensation seeking or novelty seeking is a reliable predictor of drug use in humans, individual differences in free-choice novelty seeking in animal models have generally failed to predict drug use. In the current article, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used on data collected from a large sample of rats. Rats were screened on measures of inescapable and free-choice novelty tests and then were trained to lever press for sucrose or intravenous amphetamine. Although scores from the inescapable novelty test weakly predicted responding for amphetamine, the addition of free-choice novelty preference scores into the regression analyses significantly improved the predictive models. These results indicate that, similar to evidence in humans, individual differences in novelty seeking may be able to predict drug use in rats.