Two meta-analyses were conducted to determine the extent to which pressure from the mass media to conform to the muscular "ideal" male body affects men's self-images (i.e., body satisfaction, body esteem, and self-esteem). A total of 25 studies contributing 93 effect sizes were included in two meta-analyses, which revealed that pressure from the mass media was significantly related to men feeling worse about their own bodies. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the correlational studies (Study 1) was significantly negative, d =-0.19, p < .001. The effect size from the meta-analysis of the experimental studies (Study 2) was also significantly negative, d =-0.22, p < .0001. Results from both Study 1 and Study 2 suggest that as men felt pressure from the mass media (in correlational and experimental designs) they felt worse about their bodies. Results showed that pressure from the mass media was related to body satisfaction, body esteem, self-esteem, psychological disorders (e.g., depression), and behavioral outcomes (e.g., excessive exercising). "It's [a muscular ad] so obviously aimed at the American culture. The American way of thinking-Everything BIG." (Elliot & Elliot, 2005, p. 13) Contemporary American culture heavily emphasizes the human body and its appearance. The mass media often uses sexual images and scantily clad models to sell their products. For example, beer commercials use barely dressed women to sell their beer, while gym equipment commercials sell their products by displaying muscular 279 279

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This report attempts to fuse Army needs, specific to threat detection, with available evidence from academia and military sources. The report provides viable routes for short-term enhancement of threat detection training and long-term goals of a research program dedicated to improving the Army's understanding of threat detection. This review found two major avenues of research, visual attention and visual memory that would benefit research and understanding of attention and threat detection for current and future operational environments. Based on the review, at least three sequential skills are discussed as necessary for understanding and improving threat detection: attentiveness, recognition, and action. These skills orient and guide the Soldier in operational settings from the basic perceptual process at the attentiveness stage up through higher-order reasoning at the action stage. Training formats are explored including still images and high-fidelity simulations, all of which could be scaffolded upon a deliberate practice framework.

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A survey targeting interpersonal, cultural, language, and advisory activities was administered to 565 Army and Marine advisors returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Advisors rated how frequently they engaged in 151 activities, as well as indicated how important those activities were to advisor performance. Results indicated that the most frequent activity engaged in by advisors was communicating through an interpreter, followed by role modeling behaviors and behaviors demonstrating consideration and respect. Results suggest that advisors did not view language proficiency as necessary to perform their job, but that knowledge of common words and greetings in the host nation language is important. Results also highlight the importance of impression management skills, skill at interpreting nonverbal behavior, mentoring and coaching skills, the ability to compare one's culture with the counterpart's culture, the ability to detect manipulation, rapport building, and interacting with coalition forces.