BC's forests have already faced two simultaneous, globally significant, epidemics linked to climate change; the Dothistroma needle blight epidemic in NW BC and the massive mountain pine beetle epidemic throughout the BC Interior. Building on these experiences, we have compiled our best estimates of how we believe other forest health agents may behave as climate change continues to influence our forests. We have drawn on literature from around the world but have focused on the situation in BC. We have made management recommendations based on what we have seen so far and what we expect to come.Key words: climate change, forest health, forest insects, forest pathogens, forest management, British Columbia RÉSUMÉ Les forêts de la C.-B. ont déjà subi simultanément deux épidémies significativement importantes liées aux changements climatiques : la brûlure en bande rouge à l' état d' épidémie dans le nord-ouest de la C.-B. et l'infestation massive par le dendroctone du pin ponderosa relevé partout dans la zone intérieure de la C.-B. À partir de ces situations, nous avons bâti nos meilleurs estimés de ce qu'il nous semble sera le comportement d'autres ravageurs forestiers alors que les changements climatiques continuent de modifier nos forêts. Nous avons consulté des documents de partout dans le monde, mais nous nous sommes attardés à la situation vécue en C.-B. Nous avons établi des recommandations portant sur l'aménagement d'après ce que nous avons constaté à ce jour et selon ce que nous prévoyons pour l'avenir.

Young Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., trees in three stands were treated with either Gelcaps® containing oxydemeton-methyl or Acecaps® containing acephate to test their effectiveness in protecting trees from white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck) attack. All treatments were applied in late March 1989. Weevil attack was recorded in early September 1989, 1990 and 1991. Attack was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in all but one stand/treatment combination in 1989. Gelcaps provided significant protection (P < 0.01) in two of three stands after two years. Stem implants containing systemic insecticide can protect young Sitka spruce from weevil attack. Alternative delivery systems, such as the Ezect® lance, should be evaluated as they may improve the speed and lower the cost of operational treatments. Keywords: acephate, oxydemeton-methyl, stem implants, systemic insecticides, white pine weevil

This chapter focuses on western blackheaded budworm (Acleris gloverana) attacking Tsuga, Picea, Abies and Pseudotsuga spp. in Canada, and provides an overview of the biological control agents, parasitoids and entomopathogens (Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) products Dipel, Foray 48B and Futura) that have been used to date for its management, and the evaluation of effectiveness of Btk products Dipel, Foray 48B and Futura. Future research prospects are recommended.

Western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) is a defoliator of Douglas-fir throughout the tree's range in British Columbia. Although recent defoliation levels within the Coast Forest Region (CFR) have been primarily light, this insect has caused significant damage within the region in previous years. In the past, western spruce budworm has had its largest impacts in the Squamish and Chilliwack forest districts, particularly in the Pemberton/Birkenhead area and the Fraser Canyon area near Boston Bar.The spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a major pest in the cfr where it seriously limits the use of Sitka spruce for reforestation. Repeated weevil attacks to the leading shoots of young Sitka spruce trees result in suppressed height growth and stem deformities; however, improving supplies of weevil-resistant planting stock may lead to new reforestation strategies for Sitka spruce.The Stand Establishment Decision Aid (SEDA) format has been used to extend information on a variety of vegetation and forest health concerns in British Columbia. The two-page SEDAs presented in this extension note were developed to summarize information about spruce weevil and western spruce budworm occurrence and management in the CFR. The first page of each SEDA provides general information, hazard ratings for the CFR's biogeoclimatic zones and subzones, and silvicultural considerations. The second page outlines the growth and yield implications and other effects and associations of these insects. A valuable resource and reference list that readers can use to find more detailed information is also included. Most reference material that is not available on-line can be ordered through libraries or the Queen's Printer at: www.qp.gov.bc.ca.